{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:30:57Z","timestamp":1791574257028,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recurrent aphthous ulcers significantly impact patients' quality of life due to their painful and recurrent nature, necessitating more effective treatments. This study explores the therapeutic potential of Boswellia to treat recurrent aphthous ulcers by its anti\u2010inflammatory and healing promotion effect in a rat oral ulcer model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Network pharmacology techniques were employed to elucidate Boswellia's active components and potential targets. Intersecting targets of Boswellia and oral ulcer\u2010related genes were screened for protein\u2013protein interaction network analysis and functional enrichment. An oral ulcer model in rats was used and rats were treated with Boswellia extract. The healing process was monitored by measuring the ulcer area and body weight changes. Histological analysis was performed, and the role of Boswellia in macrophage polarization was investigated through gene expression analysis and protein array tests. The underlying mechanism involving PPAR\u03b3 activation was also explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Network pharmacology analysis revealed Boswellia's interaction with key genes and pathways associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism, such as MAPK3, PPARG, and PTGS2. Boswellia extract significantly accelerated oral ulcer healing and recovered weight loss in rats. Histological examinations revealed reduced tissue swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration in treated groups. Furthermore, Boswellia extract decreased infiltration of M1 macrophage presence while increasing M2 macrophage, indicating an inflammation\u2010resolving effect. In\u00a0vitro studies showed that Boswellia extract enhanced M2\u2010related gene expression and decreased pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, which is PPAR\u03b3 dependent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Boswellia extract promotes oral ulcer healing and resolves inflammation, primarily through the modulation of macrophage polarization via PPAR\u03b3 activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:38:36Z","timestamp":1738024716000},"page":"131-140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Boswellia Extract Promotes Healing and Resolving Inflammation in Oral Ulcers of Rat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoqun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University  Taiyuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"665","article-title":"The Treatment of Chronic Recurrent Oral Aphthous Ulcers","volume":"111","author":"Altenburg A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2023.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Topical Herbal Medicine Treatment on Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Systemic Review","volume":"10","author":"Li C.\u2010L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Oral Aphthous: Pathophysiology, Clinical Aspects and Medical Treatment","volume":"76","author":"Gasmi Benahmed A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives of Razi Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2019.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clinical Study to Know the Efficacy of Amlexanox 5% With Other Topical Antiseptic, Analgesic and Anesthetic Agents in Treating Minor RAS","volume":"6","author":"Darshan D. 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