{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:58:08Z","timestamp":1792259888785,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is highlighted as a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity with an unclear etiopathogenesis. It is also categorized as an oral potentially malignant disorder. This disease is primarily driven by T\u2010cell\u2010mediated immune responses, leading to keratinocyte apoptosis and persistent inflammation. Despite the availability of therapeutic options, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, treatment remains challenging due to variable patient responses and disease chronicity. In\u00a0vitro models play a crucial role in OLP research by mimicking the local inflammatory environment and providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. While traditional two\u2010dimensional (2D) cultures have contributed to the understanding of OLP pathogenesis, they lack the complexity needed to mimic the disease. Recent advancements in three\u2010dimensional (3D) culture approaches, such as organotypic cultures, organ\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip devices, and microphysiological systems (MPS), offer enhanced physiological relevance by better mimicking immune\u2010epithelial interactions and cytokine responses. However, no standardized in\u00a0vitro model currently exists that fully recapitulates OLP's chronic inflammatory features and multifactorial pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review addresses this critical gap by evaluating existing in\u00a0vitro models, establishing validation criteria for developing reliable disease models, and identifying key challenges, including the absence of a fully functional immune system, lack of salivary immune components, and difficulties in maintaining stable long\u2010term cultures. By synthesizing current evidence and limitations, we provide a framework for advancing bioengineered platforms and personalized medicine approaches to develop effective, patient\u2010specific therapies for OLP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T04:13:14Z","timestamp":1765599194000},"page":"419-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Current In\u00a0Vitro Models of Oral Lichen Planus for Investigating Pathogenesis and Facilitating Drug Discovery: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1798-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanyaluck","family":"Jantakee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence and Innovation for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o N.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence and Innovation for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pirawish","family":"Limlawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence and Innovation for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Raj 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