{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:58:39Z","timestamp":1790035119485,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis is crucial in improving oral cancer outcomes. Patient education materials support timely recognition and management. However, these resources are often written above recommended reading levels, beyond patients' health literacy and limiting accessibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the readability of available patient information on oral cancer by the NHS, to evaluate three large language models (LLMs; ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini) in simplifying texts while preserving their content, and to propose an improved leaflet based on UK materials, expert review and LLM adjustment to match average UK reading levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Materials were collected from NHS\u2010affiliated websites. Original and LLM\u2010simplified texts were assessed using validated readability tools (FRES, FKGL, GFI, CLI and SMOG). Content fidelity was assessed using character 3\u20135\u2010g cosine, sentence\u2010content retention and latent semantic analysis (LSA). An expert review was applied to the proposed leaflet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LLM\u2010revisions significantly improved readability across all five indices (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Mean FRES of original texts was 66.4\u2009\u00b1\u20097.7, while Claude (81.6\u2009\u00b1\u20096.2) was the only model to surpass the 80 benchmark. Semantic similarity to source text remained high (LSA means 0.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04, 0.94\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09 and 0.96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08; character 3\u20135\u2010g cosine 0.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05, 0.80\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08 and 0.82\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08 for respective models). Baseline readability of the proposed leaflet was comparable to NHS materials (FRES 65.7); Claude increased this to 81.2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLM\u2010based simplification enhanced readability while preserving content fidelity. This approach can help enhance accessibility, particularly for populations disproportionately affected by oral cancer. With human oversight, it could be adopted at the policy level to standardise patient education and reduce health literacy disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.70158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:54:26Z","timestamp":1781247266000},"page":"936-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bridging the Health Literacy Gap for Patients With Oral Cancer: Readability Enhancement With\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    Chatbots"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4459-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Baczynska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science UCL  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9166-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shireen S.","family":"Gohari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Lister Hospital East &amp; North Hertfordshire NHS Trust  Stevenage UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sohaib","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Bradford Royal Infirmary  Bradford West Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Queen Alexandra Hospital  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1505833"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-011-0195-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2579-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Revisiting Early Detection of Oral Cancer: A Review on Methods, Impact on Survival Rates, and Recurrence Prevention","volume":"11","author":"Zardawi F. 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