{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:54:05Z","timestamp":1791172445385,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["73574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["73574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nanocarrier\u2010based drug delivery systems enable the co\u2010administration of antifungal agents, enhancing pharmacological efficacy and creating synergistic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility and antifungal properties of chitosan nanoparticles co\u2010loaded with nystatin and carvacrol against\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized and loaded with nystatin and carvacrol. Their antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and checkerboard synergy assays, while antibiofilm activity was measured using a microtiter plate crystal violet assay. Biocompatibility was assessed through hemolysis testing of human red blood cells (HRBCs) and MTT cytotoxicity assays on human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nanoparticles exhibited an average hydrodynamic diameter of 70\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009nm with favorable polydispersity (0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03). The MIC of co\u2010loaded nanoparticles was significantly lower than that of single\u2010drug loaded nanoparticles, and checkerboard assays confirmed strong synergy (FICI 0.16\u20130.5). Sub\u2010MIC concentrations markedly reduced biofilm formation. At 1000\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, drug\u2010loaded nanoparticles induced &lt;\u20095% hemolysis, compared with 15.7%\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7% for blank chitosan nanoparticles. HFF cell viability exceeded 90% across concentrations up to 1000\u2009\u03bcg\/mL at 24\u201372\u2009h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Co\u2010loading nystatin and carvacrol into chitosan nanoparticles yielded a synergistic antifungal and antibiofilm effect against\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , coupled with excellent hemocompatibility and minimal cytotoxicity, highlighting its potential as a topical therapeutic for oral candidiasis particularly where resistance to azoles is rising. Further in\u00a0vivo studies are warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:34:59Z","timestamp":1786408499000},"page":"1052-1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biocompatibility and Antifungal Effects of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded With Nystatin and Carvacrol Against\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Fattahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Biomaterials Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz 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