{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:56:33Z","timestamp":1790556993288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK14\/UM\/01\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK14\/UM\/01\/6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the prognostic potential of epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E\u2010cadherin, N\u2010cadherin, Twist) and immune checkpoint markers (PD\u20101, PD\u2010L1) in predicting malignant transformation (MT) of oral leukoplakia (OL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 56 OL tissue samples, categorized equally into progressive (transformed to higher\u2010grade dysplasia or OSCC within 3\u2009years) and non\u2010progressive groups. Expression levels of E\u2010cadherin, N\u2010cadherin, Twist, PD\u20101, and PD\u2010L1 were systematically assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Progressive OL cases showed descriptive trends of lower E\u2010cadherin expression, higher N\u2010cadherin and Twist expression compared with non\u2010progressive cases; however, these EMT\u2010marker differences were not statistically significant. PD\u20101 expression was significantly higher in progressive OL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038) compared with non\u2010progressive OL. When stratified into non\u2010progressive, dysplasia\u2010progressive, and OSCC\u2010progressive subsets, PD\u2010L1 expression demonstrated significant variation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018). Higher PD\u20101 expression was significantly associated with progressive OL in males (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02) and correlated with a shorter time to progression (\u03c4b\u2009=\u20090.456,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that immune checkpoint markers, particularly PD\u20101 and PD\u2010L1, may be associated with progression in OL and may warrant further validation as adjunctive prognostic markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.70187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:40:11Z","timestamp":1790556011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prognostic Value of Selected Epithelial\u2010Mesenchymal Transition and Immune Checkpoint Markers in Predicting Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0456-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiveswara","family":"Vijiakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Oral Cancer Research &amp; Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas George","family":"Kallarakkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Oral Cancer Research &amp; Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3511-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee Peng","family":"Karen\u2010Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Cancer Research &amp; Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5178-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samadara","family":"Siriwardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAK Collage of Dental Sciences RAK Medical and Health Sciences University  Ras Al Khaimah UAE"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Sciences University of Peradeniya  Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7061-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanninayake Mudiyanselage","family":"Tilakaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Oral Cancer Research &amp; Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5681\/JODDD.2014.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_13_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20109966\u201028\u2010158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.8.2327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2019.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1368\u20108375(02)00021\u20103"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"The Potential Tumour Suppressor Role of E\u2010Cadherin in Oral Carcinogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Lo Muzio L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.000455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2011.01073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602876"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2019.88204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602252"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral Pathology &amp; 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