{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:59:57Z","timestamp":1782781197177,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smokers have increased denture stomatitis caused primarily by <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate the impact of a wide range of nicotine and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) concentrations on biofilm formation and metabolic activity of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> on acrylic denture material.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> (ATCC strain 10231) was used. Standardized denture acrylic (PMMA) specimens (total of 135 specimens) were incubated with <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and exposed to nicotine and CSC at different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32\u00a0mg\/ml) and (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4\u00a0mg\/ml), respectively. For each experiment, 3 samples per nicotine and CSC concentration and a total of 45 specimens (27 specimens for the nicotine and 18 specimens for the CSC\u2010treated samples) were used and were selected randomly for each group. The control group consisted of 0\u00a0mg\/ml of nicotine or CSC. The viability of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> was measured using spiral plating on blood agar plates. The effect of nicotine and CSC concentrations on planktonic cells was were measured using a microplate reader. Metabolic activity of 24\u2010hour\u2010old established <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> biofilm exposed to nicotine and CSC for 24\u00a0hours in microtiter plates was determined using a 2,3\u2010bis (2\u2010methoxy\u20104\u2010nitro\u20105\u2010sulfophenyl)\u20102H\u2010tetrazolium\u2010carboxanilide (XTT) reduction assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The viability of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> increased concomitant with increasing concentrations of CSC and nicotine, particularly at 0.5 and 2\u00a0mg\/ml, respectively. Concentrations of CSC and nicotine above this resulted in an inhibitory effect on <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> viability. CSC and nicotine at 4 and 16\u00a0mg\/ml, respectively, increased <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> biofilm metabolic activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine and CSC up to certain concentrations caused increases in biofilm formation, metabolic activity, viability, and planktonic cell absorbance of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>. This in vitro study demonstrates the effectiveness of tobacco on promoting the growth of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and suggests their potential contributing factor in <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> biofilm related infections in smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T09:44:08Z","timestamp":1532079848000},"page":"173-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Impact of Nicotine and Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Metabolic Activity and Biofilm Formation of <i>Candida albicans<\/i> on Acrylic Denture Material"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yasmin Mohammed","family":"Alzayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Indiana University School of Dentistry  Indianapolis 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