{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:23:35Z","timestamp":1787167415231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to improve the surface characteristics of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by developing a novel, thin film coating process and to characterize the resulting coated surface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique was developed to deposit a titanium dioxide (TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) nano\u2010thin film on PMMA. The surface wettability for both coated and uncoated PMMA was determined by measuring water contact angle. Wear resistance was assessed using a mechanical tooth\u2010brushing device with a 50 g load for 6000 strokes after 5 months of water storage. A denture cleanser challenge test was performed by using sonication in 3.8% sodium perborate for 1 hour with aged specimens. X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used before and after the brushing test and challenge test to analyze the PMMA surface chemical composition. The mechanical strength of coated and uncoated PMMA was measured using a three\u2010point bending test. Surface microbial interactions were also evaluated by assessing\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm attachment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nano\u2010TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      coating (30 nm thick) was successfully deposited on PMMA at 65\u00b0C. After coating, water contact angle decreased from 70\u00b0 to less than 5\u00b0. After brushing test, the coating remained intact. XPS analysis revealed no loss of TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      from coated specimens following brushing and denture cleanser sonication for 1 hour. There was no statistically significant difference in mechanical strength (MPa) (mean \u00b1 SD) between PMMA (139.4 \u00b1 11.3) and TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010PMMA (160.7 \u00b1 37.1) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0995).\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      attachment decreased by 63% to 77% on the coated PMMA surface.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ALD is a promising technique to modify surface properties of PMMA and resulted in a stable adherent thin film. By depositing a TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      coating, PMMA surface properties may lead to significantly reduced microorganism adhesion and easier pathogen removal from PMMA. For patients who wear dentures, reducing the oral microbial biofilm burden using a TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010coated PMMA surface could positively impact their oral and systemic health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T08:21:35Z","timestamp":1549354895000},"page":"1011-1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Improving Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin Using a Novel Titanium Dioxide Coating"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ghaith","family":"Darwish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry  Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Knoernschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry  Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cortino","family":"Sukotjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry  Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry  Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arghya Kamal","family":"Bishal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago IL"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-9917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentim Adelino","family":"Bar\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology University of Campinas (UNICAMP)  Piracicaba Dental School Piracicaba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine D.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry  Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos 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