{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:37:26Z","timestamp":1747186646891,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facial disfigurement may affect the quality of life of many patients. Facial prostheses are often used as an adjuvant to surgical intervention and may sometimes be the only viable treatment option. Traditional methods for designing soft\u2010tissue facial prostheses are time\u2010consuming and subjective, while existing digital techniques are based on mirroring of contralateral features of the patient, or the use of existing feature templates\/models that may not be readily available. We aim to support the objective and semi\u2010automated design of facial prostheses with primary application to midline or bilateral defect restoration where no contralateral features are present. Specifically, we developed and validated a statistical shape model (SSM) for estimating the shape of missing facial soft tissue segments, from any intact parts of the face.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An SSM of 3D facial variations was built from meshes extracted from computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography images of a black South African sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 235) without facial disfigurement. Various types of facial defects were simulated, and the missing parts were estimated automatically by a weighted fit of each mesh to the SSM. The estimated regions were compared to the original regions using color maps and root\u2010mean\u2010square (RMS) distances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Root mean square errors (RMSE) for defect estimations of one orbit, partial nose, cheek, and lip were all below 1.71\u00a0mm. Errors for the full nose, bi\u2010orbital defects, as well as small and large composite defects were between 2.10 and 2.58\u00a0mm. Statistically significant associations of age and type of defect with RMSE were observed, but not with sex or imaging modality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This method can support the objective and semi\u2010automated design of facial prostheses, specifically for defects in the midline, crossing the midline or bilateral defects, by facilitating time\u2010consuming and skill\u2010dependent aspects of prosthesis design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T09:32:33Z","timestamp":1692264753000},"page":"565-573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A statistical shape model for estimating missing soft tissues of the face in a black South African 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Ziekenhuis  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Facial Sciences Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Katholieke Universiteit  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Vandermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Research Center Universitair Ziekenhuis  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Katholieke Universiteit  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Oettl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Anatomy and Histology Department Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University  Pretoria South 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