{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:55:45Z","timestamp":1789469745460,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effects of exposure protocol, voxel sizes, and artifact removal algorithms on the trueness of segmentation in various mandible regions using an artificial intelligence (AI)\u2010based system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven dry human mandibles were scanned using a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanner under differing exposure protocols (standard and ultra\u2010low), voxel sizes (0.15\u00a0mm, 0.3\u00a0mm, and 0.45\u00a0mm), and with or without artifact removal algorithm. The resulting datasets were segmented using an AI\u2010based system, exported as 3D models, and compared to reference files derived from a white\u2010light laboratory scanner. Deviation measurement was performed using a computer\u2010aided design (CAD) program and recorded as root mean square (RMS). The RMS values were used as a representation of the trueness of the AI\u2010segmented 3D models. A 4\u2010way ANOVA was used to assess the impact of voxel size, exposure protocol, artifact removal algorithm, and location on RMS values (\u03b1 = 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant effects were found with voxel size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and location (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), but not with exposure protocol (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.259) or artifact removal algorithm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.752). Standard exposure groups had significantly lower RMS values than the ultra\u2010low exposure groups in the mandible body with 0.3\u00a0mm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.014) or 0.45\u00a0mm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) voxel sizes, the symphysis with a 0.45\u00a0mm voxel size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.011), and the whole mandible with a 0.45\u00a0mm voxel size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). Exposure protocol did not affect RMS values at teeth and alveolar bone (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.544), mandible angles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.380), condyles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.114), and coronoids (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.806) locations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study informs optimal exposure protocol and voxel size choices in CBCT imaging for true AI\u2010based automatic segmentation with minimal radiation. The artifact removal algorithm did not influence the trueness of AI segmentation. When using an ultra\u2010low exposure protocol to minimize patient radiation exposure in AI segmentations, a voxel size of 0.15\u00a0mm is recommended, while a voxel size of 0.45\u00a0mm should be avoided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T13:50:17Z","timestamp":1706881817000},"page":"574-583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Influence of exposure protocol, voxel size, and artifact removal algorithm on the trueness of segmentation utilizing an artificial\u2010intelligence\u2010based system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Safa","family":"Alrashed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology PhD program in the College of Dentistry Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio 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