{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:54:33Z","timestamp":1792594473334,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Denture fabrication has shifted from traditional heat\u2010processed and auto\u2010polymerizing materials to computer\u2010aided design and computer\u2010aided manufacturing (CAD\u2010CAM) milled and printed materials. The monomer in traditional materials can induce an allergic reaction in some patients. With the rise in the edentulous population and increasing demand for the fabrication of dentures, these newer materials should be studied for monomer leaching. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ratio of residual monomer in materials being used for denture bases: CAD\u2010milled polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), printed denture base resin, heat\u2010processed PMMA, and auto\u2010polymerizing PMMA comparatively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Milled, printed, heat\u2010activated, and auto\u2010polymerizing denture base specimens (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 3 for each group, each test run three times) were fabricated according to manufacturer recommendations. Specimens were first immersed in deuterated chloroform (CDCl\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ), a deuterated organic solvent, to evaluate monomer leaching and to observe physical properties of the materials. NMR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the dissolution of materials and residual monomer to crosslinked polymer ratios at 1, 4, and 9 days. A second group of specimens was then immersed in deuterium oxide (D\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O) to evaluate if the residual monomers would leach out of the system. The solution was then analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for 1 month. The deuterated forms of chloroform (CDCl\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) and water (D\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O) were used to enable sample characterization by NMR.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n While the heat\u2010processed, auto\u2010polymerizing, and milled specimens possessed residual monomers, no significant monomer leaching was noted in the printed specimen, while immersed in CDCl\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n . Similarly, the printed specimen was most resistant to dissolution, as compared to the rest; dissolution of the specimen is indicative of little to no cross\u2010linking. No detectable dissolution of monomer was seen when all specimens were immersed in D\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O for up to 1 month.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Residual monomers were not found in the printed denture material in this study in either CDCl\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n or D\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O, whereas CAD\u2010milled and traditionally processed denture bases still have residual monomers within their respective systems when immersed in organic solvent. None of the specimens tested leached monomers into D\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T22:59:25Z","timestamp":1718060365000},"page":"988-992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In vitro analysis of monomer leaching in modern dental materials: CAD milled, printed, traditional heat\u2010processed, and auto\u2010polymerizing denture base resins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6296-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Smidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Graduate Prosthodontics Department University of California School of Dentistry Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department University of California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department University of California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samanvaya","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department University of California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar C.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Group Dental Practice University of California School of Dentistry Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2018.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13132894"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)00166-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.172621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2004.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(12)60037-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103777"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1961-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopr.13874","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jopr.13874","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopr.13874","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:04:35Z","timestamp":1776348275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jopr.13874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jopr.13874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopr.13874","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-941X","1532-849X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-941X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-849X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}