{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T23:28:49Z","timestamp":1791674929513,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2024R790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of artificial aging on the fracture toughness and hardness of three\u2010dimensional (3D)\u2010printed and computer\u2010aided design and computer\u2010aided manufacturing (CAD\u2010CAM) milled 3 mol% yttria\u2010stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y\u2010TZP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty bar\u2010shaped specimens (45 \u00d7 4 \u00d7 3\u00a0mm) were prepared using two manufacturing technologies: 3D printing (LithaCon 3Y 210, Lithoz GmbH, Vienna, Austria;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 20) and milling (Initial Zirconia ST, GC, Japan;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 20) of 3Y\u2010TZP. The chevron\u2010notch beam method was used to assess the fracture toughness according to ISO 24370. Specimens from each 3Y\u2010TZP group were divided into two subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10) based on the artificial aging process (autoclaving): nonaged and aged. Nonaged specimens were stored at room temperature, while aged specimens underwent autoclave aging at 134\u00b0C under 2\u00a0bar\u2010pressure for 5 h. Subsequently, the specimens were immersed in absolute 99% ethanol using an ultrasonic cleaner for 5 min. Each specimen was preloaded by subjecting it to a 4\u2010point loading test, with a force of up to 200 N applied for three cycles. Further 4\u2010point loading was conducted at a rate of 0.5\u00a0mm\/min under controlled temperature and humidity conditions until fracture occurred. The maximum force (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was recorded and the chevron notch was examined at 30 \u00d7 magnification under an optical microscope for measurements before the fracture toughness (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Ic<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was calculated. Microhardness testing was also performed to measure the Vickers hardness number (VHN). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X\u2010ray unit (EDX) was used to examine surface topography and chemical composition. X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted to identify crystalline structure. Data were statistically analyzed using two\u2010way ANOVA and Student's t\u2010test with a significance level of 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The nonaged 3D\u2010printed 3Y\u2010TZP group exhibited a significantly higher fracture toughness value (6.07\u00a0MPa\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sup>1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) than the milled 3Y\u2010TZP groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). After autoclave aging, the 3D\u2010printed 3Y\u2010TZP group maintained significantly higher fracture toughness (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) compared to the milled 3Y\u2010TZP group. However, no significant differences in hardness values (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.096) were observed between the aged and nonaged groups within each manufacturing process (3D\u2010printed and milled) independently.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings revealed that the new 3D\u2010printed 3Y\u2010TZP produced by the lithography\u2010based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) technology exhibited superior fracture toughness after autoclave aging compared to the milled 3Y\u2010TZP. While no significant differences in hardness were observed between the aged groups, the 3D\u2010printed material demonstrated greater resistance to fracture, indicating enhanced mechanical stability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:48:58Z","timestamp":1725410938000},"page":"956-964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of artificial aging on fracture toughness and hardness of 3D\u2010printed and milled 3Y\u2010TZP zirconia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alhotan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Health College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi 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