{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:02:34Z","timestamp":1791482554324,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the impact of surface treatments and chemical denture cleansers on the surface color stability, gloss, and wettability of compression\u2010molded, 3D\u2010printed, and milled denture base materials.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Specimens (12 \u00d7 16 \u00d7 7\u00a0mm) were fabricated from a standardized STL file in three denture base materials (compression\u2010molded, 3D\u2010printed, and milled resins; n = 80 each) and assigned to polish\u2010only or protective\u2010coated (Optiglaze) subgroups. Specimens were immersed in one of four cleaning solutions: Polident (alkaline peroxide), Val\u2010Clean (potassium caroate), Renew (alkaline hypochlorite), or distilled water (control group). Thirty immersion cycles per day were performed for 12 days, for a total of 360 cycles, simulating approximately 1 year of once\u2011daily denture cleaning. Color stability was evaluated using a spectrophotometer with the CIEDE2000 (\u0394E\n 00<\/jats:sub>\n ) formula. Surface gloss was measured with a gloss meter, and wettability was assessed by static contact angle using an optical tensiometer. Statistical analyses were conducted using three\u2010way ANOVA. Color changes on acceptability and perceptibility were evaluated using one\u2010sided, one\u2010sample\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010tests (thresholds of 1.8 and 0.8,\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Renew produced the highest mean \u0394E\n 00<\/jats:sub>\n (3.90 \u00b1 0.33), exceeding distilled water (1.76 \u00b1 0.33), Polident (0.92 \u00b1 0.80), and Val\u2010Clean (0.78 \u00b1 0.56). Using the acceptability threshold (AT) of \u0394E\n 00<\/jats:sub>\n = 1.8, all Polident and Val\u2010Clean groups remained acceptable for milled and 3D\u2010printed materials. In contrast, compression\u2010molded materials exhibited greater color instability. All Renew groups exceeded the AT regardless of surface treatment or fabrication method. Gloss change was also significant; Optiglaze combined with Val\u2010Clean caused some of the largest gloss losses in 3D\u2011printed samples (\u221217.99 \u00b1 9.82,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001) and compression\u2010molded samples (\u221213.13 \u00b1 4.21,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001). Polished surfaces generally lost less gloss, such as Polident\u2010treated compression\u2010molded resin (\u22125.92 \u00b1 3.33,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0048). For wettability, Optiglaze increased hydrophobicity in 3D\u2010printed specimens in distilled water (+6.33 \u00b1 7.11\u00b0,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0033) but decreased it when combined with Renew in compression\u2010molded resin (\u221218.54 \u00b1 6.70\u00b0,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001). Polident or Val\u2010Clean on polished surfaces best preserved color, gloss, and wettability.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Renew produced the greatest overall changes in color and wettability. Gloss changes were strongly material\u2011 and treatment\u2011dependent. Optiglaze\u2011coated 3D\u2011printed and compression\u2010molded bases immersed in Val\u2010Clean showed pronounced gloss loss. Polished surfaces generally retained gloss better. Compression\u2010molded materials were more susceptible to color change than milled or 3D\u2010printed materials, and the Optiglaze did not consistently reduce changes in color, gloss, or wettability. These findings may inform future research and the development of evidence\u2010based denture\u2010cleaning protocols; however, clinical studies are needed before specific recommendations can be made.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T07:21:13Z","timestamp":1773472873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of denture cleansers and surface treatments on the color stability, gloss, and wettability of CAD\u2010CAM denture bases"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Suonds","family":"Alareifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Alfaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics College of Dentistry King Faisal University Al Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1944-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Lippert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab Core Director Oral Health Research Institute Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Hanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao\u2010Chieh","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program Director, Advanced Education Program in Prosthodontics Department of Prosthodontics Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4881-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei\u2010Shao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"LockerD.The burden of oral disorders in a population of older adults. 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Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2009.11.004","article-title":"Effect of denture cleansers on physical properties of heat\u2010polymerized acrylic resin","volume":"54","author":"Peracini A","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Prosthodont Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23558","article-title":"Evaluation of various denture cleansers on color stability and surface topography of polyetherketoneketone, polyamide, and polymethylmethacrylate","volume":"84","author":"Ozyilmaz OY","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13794","article-title":"Comparison of surface characteristics of denture base resin materials with two surface treatment protocols and simulated brushing","volume":"34","author":"Alouthah 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effect of denture cleansing agents on color stability of denture bases fabricated using CAD\/CAM milling, 3D\u2010printing and conventional techniques","volume":"11","author":"Jain S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coatings."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13377","article-title":"The effects of beverages and surface treatments on the color stability of 3D\u2010printed interim restorations","volume":"31","author":"Almejrad L","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Prosthodont."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2015.07.001","article-title":"Comparison of the CIELab and CIEDE2000 color difference formulas","volume":"115","author":"G\u00f3mez\u2010Polo C","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104089","article-title":"Effect of denture cleansers on the surface 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materials to human saliva, saliva substitute, and distilled water: a comparative in vitro study","volume":"18","author":"Ramanna PK","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Indian Prosthodont Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.12.007","article-title":"Effect of different disinfection protocols on the surface properties of CAD\u2010CAM denture base materials","volume":"130","author":"Atalay S","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05801-4","article-title":"Efficacy of denture cleansers on Candida albicans adhesion and their effects on the properties of conventional, milled CAD\/CAM, and 3D\u2010printed denture bases","volume":"28","author":"Bento VAA","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_213_21","article-title":"Hydrophobicity of denture base resins: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"12","author":"Gad MM","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent."}],"container-title":["Journal of 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