{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:29:24Z","timestamp":1786534164974,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Prosthodontics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Titanium implants are widely used in prosthodontics, but their bioinert surfaces can limit early osseointegration. This study examined whether electrolyte\u2010tuned anodization can tailor TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      nanotube (TNT) coatings to improve in vitro osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation\u2010related responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Titanium was anodized in three electrolytes to produce TNT, TNT\u2010H, and TNT\u2010B coatings. Morphology and roughness were assessed by scanning electron microscope, phase\/chemistry by X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) and X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and wettability by contact angle. Cytocompatibility and functional responses were evaluated using bone marrow\u2010derived mesenchymal stem cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and RAW264.7 cells, including viability\/adhesion assays, macrophage polarization and cytokine expression, and osteogenic\/angiogenic assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TNT\u2010B (mean pore diameter \u223c188\u00a0nm) showed the most consistent improvements across endpoints, enhancing cell adhesion\/proliferation, osteogenesis\u2010associated markers, and angiogenesis\u2010associated signals in vitro, while reducing pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine expression and promoting M2\u2010skewed polarization. TNT\u2010H showed measurable responses versus TNT but did not outperform TNT\u2010B in angiogenic assays under the tested conditions. XRD\/XPS indicated minor Ti\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\u2010 and defect\u2010related signatures in TNT\u2010B that are relevant to these responses. After annealing, corrosion resistance ranked TNT\u2010H\u00a0&gt;\u00a0TNT\u2010B\u00a0&gt;\u00a0TNT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrolyte modulation enables the controllable fabrication of TNT architectures and surface chemistry. TNT\u2010B demonstrates promising in vitro performance but exhibits reduced electrochemical stability relative to TNT\u2010H, highlighting a bioactivity\u2013stability trade\u2010off and the need for further optimization and validation before clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.70209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T10:33:16Z","timestamp":1786530796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving the cytocompatibility and functionality of titanium implants by adjusting the electrolyte of the anodization method"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai P. R. 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