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Accordingly, exponential\u2010compounding effects may better describe the relationship between rumination and negative emotion when they occur in impulsive persons, and predict impulsive behavior. Forty\u2010seven community and undergraduate participants who reported frequent engagement in impulsive behaviors monitored their ruminative thoughts and negative emotion multiple times daily for two weeks using digital recording devices. Hypotheses were tested using cross\u2010lagged mixed model analyses. Findings indicated that rumination predicted subsequent elevations in rumination that lasted over extended periods of time. Rumination and negative emotion predicted increased levels of each other at subsequent assessments, and exponential functions for these associations were supported. Results also supported a synergistic effect between rumination and negative emotion, predicting larger elevations in subsequent rumination and negative emotion than when one variable alone was elevated. Finally, there were synergistic effects of rumination and negative emotion in predicting number of impulsive behaviors subsequently reported. These findings are consistent with the emotional cascade model in suggesting that momentary rumination and negative emotion progressively propagate and magnify each other over time in impulsive people, promoting impulsive behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T10:18:03Z","timestamp":1415701083000},"page":"139-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Bidirectional\u2010Compounding Effects of Rumination and Negative Emotion in Predicting Impulsive Behavior: Implications for Emotional Cascades"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Edward A.","family":"Selby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers"},{"name":"The State University of New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers"},{"name":"The State University of New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Panza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers"},{"name":"The State University of New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara B.","family":"Fehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers"},{"name":"The State University of New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COTR.0000045562.17228.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.10.1859","article-title":"Reassertion and giving up: The interactive role of self\u2010directed attention and outcome expectancy","volume":"37","author":"Carver C. 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