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The present study investigated whether long\u2010term changes happen in Openness to Experience and other personality traits after an extensive cognitive training of memory and perceptual speed. The intervention group consisted of 204 adults (20\u201331 years and 65\u201380 years; 50% female) who received daily 1\u2010hour cognitive training sessions for about 100 days. The control group consisted of 86 adults (21\u201329 years and 65\u201382 years; 51% female) who received no cognitive training. All participants answered the NEO Five\u2010Factor Inventory before and 2 years after the cognitive training. Latent change models were applied that controlled for age group (young vs. old) and gender. In the long run, the cognitive training did not affect changes in any facet of Openness to Experience. This was true for young and old participants as well as for men and women. Instead, the cognitive training lowered the general increase of Conscientiousness. Even an extensive cognitive training on memory and perceptual speed does not serve as a sufficient intervention for enduring changes in Openness to Experiences or one of its facets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T05:34:49Z","timestamp":1458624889000},"page":"454-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Long\u2010Term Effects of an Extensive Cognitive Training on Personality Development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Sander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)"},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"},{"name":"International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Schmiedek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)"},{"name":"German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF)"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Brose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)"},{"name":"Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gert G.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development"},{"name":"Berlin University of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jule","family":"Specht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)"},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.4.366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"569","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. 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