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Data of an intervention study were used to examine if change in clinical states (e.g., stress or depression) accounts for change in personality traits and to test whether both changes in traits and clinical states were independently associated with substance use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010nine substance use patients (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub> = 25.3,\u00a0SD = 2.7;\u00a035%\u202ffemale) took part at a 4\u2010week intervention and completed a total of 15 bi\u2010monthly assessments across 28\u00a0weeks to measure change in traits and states during and after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that participants showed large trait and state changes over time, which happened rapidly with the majority occurring during the first four weeks. Trait and state changes were highly correlated, but not perfectly redundant. Significant variance in personality trait change remained after controlling for change in clinical states. Moreover, both trait and state change independently predicted substance use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Personality trait change occurred relatively fast and was maintained until the last follow\u2010up assessment six months after the end of the intervention. Also, the findings point to the notion that the conceptual distinction between traits and states may not be as important as originally thought.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T09:56:46Z","timestamp":1630922206000},"page":"375-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mindful of personality trait change: Are treatment effects on personality trait change ephemeral and attributable to changes in states?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9426-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Stieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham Massachusetts 02453 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Allemand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and University Research Priority Program \u201cDynamics of Healthy Aging\u201d University of Zurich Andreasstrasse 50 Z\u00fcrich 8050 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brent W.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois, Urbana\u2010Champaign 603 E. 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