{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:00:41Z","timestamp":1791648041499,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Personality traits change from childhood through late\u2010adolescence, however the effects of social expectations and self\u2010regulatory efforts remain unknown. This study aims to explore mechanisms underlying personality development by assessing mean levels personality traits from childhood to late\u2010adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used Common\u2010Language California Child Q\u2010Set to measure youths' (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a011,000) mean personality trait levels; social expectations for these traits as perceived by parents (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a047), teachers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a042) and students (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0120); and self\u2010regulatory efforts required for achieving the desired levels in these traits as perceived by parents (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a027), teachers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a026), and students (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a054).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expectations for youths' traits were consistent, regardless of raters' or youths' age. In our unique between\u2010trait study design, traits' mean levels were positively associated with expectations for them, but age differences minimally tracked these expectations. Traits' required self\u2010regulatory efforts were not associated with their developmental trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results were only partially consistent with existing developmental theories of personality development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T15:56:32Z","timestamp":1659023792000},"page":"601-612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social expectations and abilities to meet them as possible mechanisms of youth personality development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhan","family":"Hang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Colby College  Waterville ME USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia Gabriela","family":"Speyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aja Louise","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"M\u00f5ttus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.44.3.758"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates D. 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