{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:12:16Z","timestamp":1775027536575,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Acquired Preparedness (AP) model proposes that impulsive personality traits predispose some individuals to learn certain behavior\u2010outcome associations (expectancies), and that these expectancies in turn influence the escalation of risky behaviors. This theory has been applied to the development of behaviors such as drinking, drug use, gambling, and disordered eating. In the current study, we aimed to summarize empirical tests of this model over the 20\u2009years since it was proposed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a descriptive approach to summarize tests of mediation across 50 studies involving <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a021,715 total participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed a consistent effect of personality on expectancies (median effect size\u00a0=\u00a0.22), of expectancies on behavior (.24), and a small mediated effect (.05) of personality on behavior via expectancies. Impulsive traits that involve positive or negative affect showed the most consistent support for AP, as did positive expectancies. Most studies testing AP focused on alcohol, but research on other behaviors also showed support for AP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The literature appears to support a small mediated effect consistent with the AP model. Future research should continue to clarify which AP pathways are most influential in explaining risky behaviors, and supplement correlational research with experimental and quasi\u2010experimental designs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T15:57:17Z","timestamp":1659023837000},"page":"613-637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pathways of personality and learning risk for addictive behaviors: A systematic review of mediational research on the acquired preparedness model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3113-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max A.","family":"Halvorson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana J.","family":"Lengua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8358-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin M.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Validation of acquired preparedness: Risk factors in drinking and depression","author":"Anderson K. G.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.384"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893\u2010164X.19.1.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01176076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1268629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117473"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1987.48.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1987.48.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1202_01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119125556.devpsy319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.797827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1321"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510802561295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.57.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.2.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107610.2007.01826.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.2.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2011.72.602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849200479.n9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"The NEO personality inventory: Manual, form S and form R","author":"Costa P. T.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013341.Emotion\u2010based"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Brief interventions for adolescent alcohol and substance abuse","author":"Davis H. A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010032713\u2010120240.Microglia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1978.43.3f.1247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612459059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.5.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899\u2010014\u20109445\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Alcohol expectancy theory: The application of cognitive neuroscience","volume":"2","author":"Goldman M. S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412976237.n8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","volume-title":"Alcohol expectancies, impulsivity and consumption by Asian\u2010Americans: A longitudinal study of the acquired preparedness model","author":"Han S. C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2019.1653862"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.3.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01838"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09652140020016969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6708a1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Personality risk for alcohol consequences","volume":"52","author":"Kazemi D. M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosocial Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618785619"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429\u2010013\u20100005\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105825"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306\u20104603(88)90041\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751\u20109004.2010.00296.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.643973.Reinforcement"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2018.1511877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","volume-title":"The Acquired Preparedness model: Differential predictors of proximal versus distal alcohol expectancies","author":"Marks R. M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064\u20101297.9.4.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2001.62.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.787097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32469\/10355\/57248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","volume-title":"A comprehensive longitudinal test of the Acquired Preparedness model for marijuana use among adolescents","author":"Ninnemann A. L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(03)00076-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2014.909695"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2014.929579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027567"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25711.PET\/MRI"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","first-page":"373","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of adolescent substance abuse","author":"Peterson S. J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000146.Impulsivity"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017631.Longitudinal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse: Reaching teens through brief interventions","author":"Smith G. T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Principles and practice of relapse prevention","author":"Somers J. M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2012.748894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2010.01288.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","volume-title":"The bidirectionality of impulsivity and alcohol use: An ecological momentary examination among emerging adults","author":"Stamates A. L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","volume-title":"Examination of the Acquired Preparedness model and alcohol use in emerging adults","author":"Staszkow R. M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","volume-title":"Manual for the multidimensional personality questionnaire","author":"Tellegen A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","volume-title":"Impulsivity, expectancies, and substance use in a college age population: A test of the Acquired Preparedness Model","author":"Vangsness L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2015.76.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22528.Toll\u2010like"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1989.50.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191\u20108869(00)00064\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306\u20104603(97)80066\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.4.757"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopy.12761","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jopy.12761","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopy.12761","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T15:51:04Z","timestamp":1692633064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jopy.12761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jopy.12761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12761","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3506","1467-6494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3506","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-6494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}