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Yet, recent theoretical developments and empirical insights have led to a new conceptualization of personality as a dynamic system (e.g., Cybernetic Big Five Theory). Such dynamic systems comprise several components that need to be conceptually distinguished and mapped to a statistical model for estimation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the current work, we illustrate how common components from these new dynamic personality theories may be implemented in a continuous time\u2010modeling framework.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>As an empirical example, we reanalyze experience sampling data with <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0180 persons (with on average <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a040 [<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08] measurement occasions) to investigate four different effects between momentary happiness, momentary extraverted behavior, and the perception of a situation as social: (1) between\u2010person effects, (2) contemporaneous effects, (3) autoregressive effects, and (4) cross\u2010lagged effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We highlight that these four effects must not necessarily point in the same direction, which is in line with assumptions from dynamic personality theories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T13:38:08Z","timestamp":1661866688000},"page":"718-735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Modeling dynamic personality theories in a continuous\u2010time framework: An illustration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5168-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Helmut Schmidt University  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai T.","family":"Horstmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Siegen  Siegen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryne A.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hogan Assessment Systems  Tulsa Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5576-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel C.","family":"Voelkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818675116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1406803"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"On the dynamics of action","volume":"25","author":"Atkinson J. 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