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Yet, recent research suggests that religiosity may well cause personality change. Consequently, longitudinal research is required that examines the bi\u2010directionality between personality and religiosity. The required research must also attend to cultural religiosity\u2014a critical moderator in previous cross\u2010sectional research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted four\u2010wave, cross\u2010lagged panel models assessing the bi\u2010directional effects between religiosity (measured as religious attendance) and the Big Five personality traits over 12\u2009years in 14 samples (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>total<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a044,485). Each sample used population\u2010representative data from a different German federal state\u2014states that vary widely in religiosity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings were the following: (1) Agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness were associated with changes in religiosity, with the latter two effects being culture\u2010contingent. (2) Religiosity was associated with changes in agreeableness and openness, with the latter effect being culture\u2010contingent. (3) The cross\u2010lagged effects of personality on religiosity were overall stronger than the reverse effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The directionality between the Big Five and religiosity seems to go both ways and culture matters for those effects. We discuss the power of religiosity to alter personality and the role of culture for this effect and for personality change more generally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T07:04:31Z","timestamp":1661497471000},"page":"736-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Big Five personality and religiosity: Bidirectional cross\u2010lagged effects and their moderation by culture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Entringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Socio\u2010Economic Panel Study German Institute for Economic Research  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3789-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen E.","family":"Gebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences University of Mannheim  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Kroeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socio\u2010Economic Panel Study German Institute for Economic Research  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"The individual and his religion: A psychological interpretation","author":"Allport G. 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