{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T18:09:55Z","timestamp":1783361395136,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accumulated evidence indicates both stable and malleable parts of inter\u2010individual differences in the broad Big Five domains. Less is known, however, about stability and change at the more diversified facet level. With the current study, we fill this gap by investigating personality stability and change across midlife and old age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We apply local structural equation measurement models and second\u2010order growth curve models to four waves of data obtained with the full NEO Personality Inventory (NEO\u2010PI\u2010R) collected over 11\u2009years from 1667 adults (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a062.69\u2009years, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a015.62, 55% female) who participated in the Seattle Longitudinal Study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement invariance analyses indicated that the psychometric properties of the NEO\u2010PI\u2010R facets are comparable across time and age. Results revealed substantial rank\u2010order stabilities across all facets, yet the exact pattern varied strongly between facets of the same trait and across traits. Mean\u2010level change of facets from midlife to old age largely mirrored the mean\u2010level change observed for the broader traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We discuss conceptual implications and argue that in the face of overall stability across midlife and old age, changes in the rank\u2010ordering of people reveals a much more complex and diverse pattern of development than analyses at the trait level suggest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T07:42:58Z","timestamp":1667461378000},"page":"1171-1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Beyond Big Five trait domains: Stability and change in personality facets across midlife and old age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1221-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naemi D.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Drewelies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience Max Planck Institut for Human Development  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1404-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry L.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Warner","family":"Schaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1671-5257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilam","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Gerstorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Humboldt University Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies Pennsylvania State University  State College Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000066"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.63.7.602"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000611"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","first-page":"569","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. I. Theoretical models of human development","author":"Baltes P. B.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000067946"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12030"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414568662"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2247"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12286"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15366360802035497"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000367"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976211037971"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890207021996965"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024569803230"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","volume-title":"NEO PI\u2010R and NEO\u2010FFI professional manual","author":"Costa P. T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849200479.n9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of the five\u2010factor","author":"Costa P. T.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010010418\u2010103244"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12265"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000191"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","volume-title":"Applied missing data analysis","author":"Enders C. K.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018770"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000617"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000389"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000596"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2259"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00980"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039260"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2016.1142856"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Complementary and competing factor analytic approaches for the investigation of measurement invariance","volume":"16","author":"Hildebrandt A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Handbook of personality. Theory and research","author":"John O. P.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000028"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000205"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1301_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868306294590"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1951"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000276"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000600"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/58.3.P153"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000173"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036719"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olaru G. Robitzsch A. Hildebrandt A. &Schroeders U.(2020 April 24).Local structural equation modeling for longitudinal data.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/q79c5","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/q79c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2195"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2008.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0357-6_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.126.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745\u20106916.2007.00047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108721.2008.00543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804674-6.00011-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.132.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","volume-title":"sirt: Supplementary item response theory models","author":"Robitzsch A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10409-006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","volume-title":"Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle longitudinal study","author":"Schaie K. W.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness\u2010of\u2010fit measures","volume":"8","author":"Schermelleh\u2010Engel K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods of Psychological Research Online"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191110373223"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000400"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619831612"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20106494.2011.00752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021717"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024950"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000612"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882\u20107974.20.3.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.268"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550616630032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017908"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402478"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000203"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420924751"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868316652279"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015858"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopy.12791","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jopy.12791","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopy.12791","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T07:38:35Z","timestamp":1693640315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jopy.12791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jopy.12791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12791","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3506","1467-6494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3506","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-6494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}