{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:58:23Z","timestamp":1781603903757,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pericles.pericles-gcp.literatumonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Personality traits change in both mean levels and variance across the life span but the mechanisms underlying these developmental trends remain unclear. Social Investment Principle (SIP) suggests that social expectations drive personality changes in adulthood. Accordingly, we tested whether differences between personality traits in social expectations for them can explain their different change trajectories in young adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A pool of 257 personality items was used to measure personality traits' means and variances (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01096), and levels expected by friends, partners and bosses\/supervisors (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0121).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Raters were consistent in their expectations for how young adults should think, feel and behave. Traits under stronger expectations had higher mean levels and lower variances than traits under lower expectations; trait means and variances increased with age, but inconsistently with the SIP, these increases were unrelated to the traits' expected levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results are only partially consistent with the SIP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T06:04:21Z","timestamp":1674021861000},"page":"1314-1325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social expectations as a possible mechanism for adult personality change: Limited empirical evidence for the social investment principle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhan","family":"Hang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia Gabriela","family":"Speyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aja Louise","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Luciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"M\u00f5ttus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.44.3.758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2022.104245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Fitting linear mixed\u2010effects models using lme4","author":"Bates D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414568662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/krfw9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613498396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804674-6.00004-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"The California child Q\u2010set","author":"Block J. 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