{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T08:21:22Z","timestamp":1764404482455,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study examined the hierarchical structure of self\u2010reported fearlessness and compared this structure to external criterion measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fearlessness is often discussed in relation to clinical and personality research. However, there is a paucity of research focusing on its empirical structure, in particular with self\u2010report measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a preregistered analytical approach, we employed Goldberg's\u00a02006 \u201cbass\u2010ackward\u201d factor analysis on self\u2010reported trait fear and fearlessness items to uncover the hierarchical structure of the construct. The final sample consisted of 619 participants and 562 informants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By assessing fit statistics and interpretability of the factors, we found a six\u2010factor model fit the data best. The six\u2010factor solution emerged as comprehensive and included components labeled Assertiveness, Low Anxiety, Sociability, Recklessness, Openness to Action, and Adventurousness. Criterion variables measuring boldness, fear, anxiety, psychopathy, basic personality traits, and impulsivity, were correlated with the factor scores at each factor level of the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The findings from this study elucidate how trait fearlessness unfolds at varying levels and how these factors relate to and diverge from various outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T05:18:05Z","timestamp":1685423885000},"page":"548-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the structure of fearlessness using self\u2010report measures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaela","family":"Van\u00a0Til","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-2863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan T.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8306-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald R.","family":"Lynam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146\u20106402(84)90001\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10223-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.117.2.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616657069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000258615.42478.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.7.3.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2016.09.002"},{"volume-title":"A first course in factor analysis","year":"1992","author":"Comrey A.","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12464"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12358"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.19.1.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Davies C. 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