{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1772160741065,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Theories about within\u2010person (WP) variation are often tested using between\u2010person (BP) research, despite the well\u2010established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self\u2010compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theory is actually concerned with relationships at the WP level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was applied to experience\u2010sampling data of self\u2010compassion (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009213, with\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094052 measurement occasions).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At both levels of analysis, evidence for a two\u2010factor model was found. However, the factors were moderately related at the WP level (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but largely independent at the BP level (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.696). Exploratory analyses revealed considerable heterogeneity in the WP relationship among individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We discuss how our results provide new impulses to move the debate around self\u2010compassion forward. Lastly, we outline how the WP level\u2014which is of major interest for self\u2010compassion and other constructs in psychology\u2014can guide the conceptualization and assessment to promote advancements of the theory and resulting applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T02:49:02Z","timestamp":1710125342000},"page":"197-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest: An illustration using the case of self\u2010compassion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabel","family":"B\u00fcchner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Ewert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Potsdam  Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9123-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosma F. A.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology University of Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1672-0649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Schr\u00f6der\u2010Ab\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Potsdam  Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai T.","family":"Horstmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Siegen  Siegen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.85.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008204"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"The validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the self\u2010compassion scale","volume":"1","author":"Azizi A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Practice in Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596\u2010019\u201001095\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000115-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20106494.7106002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.804"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.110.2.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000211"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214221096485"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506231156061"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2262-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010017\u20100803\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.4.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20106494.2004.00293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010019\u20100555\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000370"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000083"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010022\u201001954\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010020\u201001563\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010022\u201001897\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010019\u201001134\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711978115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920952393"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.80.6.1011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2020.1853461"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477\u20107525\u201012\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2168"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.107.005264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.2020.1735203"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Handbook of research methods for studying daily life","author":"Hamaker E. L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4002_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09515070.2016.1138397"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000357"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/1616\u20103443\/a000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2017.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/ps.8477"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207706"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2015.1134306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"The experience sampling method","volume":"15","author":"Larson R.","year":"1983","journal-title":"New Directions for Methodology of Social & Behavioral Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"The validation study of the Korean version of self\u2010compassion scale with adult women in community","author":"Lee W. K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010023\u201002067\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","volume-title":"Statistical theories of mental test scores","author":"Lord F. M.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010017\u20100850\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15366359mea0204_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826\u2010015\u20100315\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010020\u201001363\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010022\u201001898\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010018\u20101030\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010015\u20100479\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010020\u201001411\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010022\u201001832\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21923"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2018.1436587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010020\u201001505\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000629"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2016.1269334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2013.841869"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2019.1705872"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211008254"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745\u20106916.2007.00047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903203466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620966795"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010016\u20100662\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101856"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/PSI180408029U"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Handbook of structural equation modeling","author":"West S. G.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035566"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010018\u20101037\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0198\u20108794.17.1.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20106494.00121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015\u20105759\/a000228"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopy.12924","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T11:59:54Z","timestamp":1741694394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jopy.12924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jopy.12924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12924","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/hx5w4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-3506","1467-6494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3506","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-6494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}