{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:09:27Z","timestamp":1779181767523,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current longitudinal study tested whether different expressions of narcissism prospectively predict increased desires for status, perceptions of having attained status, and assertiveness\u2014relative to desires for inclusion, perceptions of being included, and affiliativeness\u2014and vice versa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      University students (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009528) completed a three\u2010wave longitudinal study, with waves spaced 2\u2009weeks apart. Narcissism, desires for status and inclusion, perceptions of having attained status and inclusion, and assertiveness and affiliativeness were assessed at each wave.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grandiose, agentic, and antagonistic narcissism related to increasing desires for status and perceived status attainment, and vice versa, depending on how grandiose narcissism was assessed. In contrast, vulnerable narcissism related to diminishing desires for status and inclusion, and vice versa, depending on how vulnerable narcissism was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grandiose narcissism may encourage status aspirations and help people achieve higher status; higher status aspirations and perceived attainment, in turn, may encourage grandiose, agentic, and antagonistic narcissism. In contrast, vulnerable narcissism may shift motivations away from social validation, reducing desires for both status and inclusion in the medium term. These findings are generally consistent with and extend evidence for recent models of how grandiose narcissism relates to status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:45:21Z","timestamp":1779180321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ego, Elevation, and Exclusion: Bidirectional Prospective Associations Between Narcissism and Status and Inclusion"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian H.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilfrid Laurier University  Waterloo Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikhila","family":"Mahadevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Essex  Colchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191110382845","article-title":"What Does the Narcissistic Personality Inventory Really Measure?","volume":"18","author":"Ackerman R. A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038781","article-title":"Is the Desire for Status a Fundamental Human Motive? A Review of the Empirical Literature","volume":"141","author":"Anderson C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.6.1094","article-title":"Knowing Your Place: Self\u2010Perceptions of Status in Face\u2010To\u2010Face Groups","volume":"91","author":"Anderson C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","volume-title":"Amos (Version 26)","author":"Arbuckle J. L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92171-6_6","volume-title":"Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies","author":"Back M. D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister R. F.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.06.003","article-title":"Context\u2010Related Changes in Academic Self Concept Development: On the Long\u2010Term Persistence of Big\u2010Fish\u2010Little\u2010Pond Effects","volume":"45","author":"Becker M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12565","article-title":"How Self\u2010Esteem and Narcissism Differentially Relate to High and (Un) Stable Feelings of Status and Inclusion","volume":"88","author":"Benson A. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12441","article-title":"Will They Stay or Will They Go? Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Predict Ingroup Affiliation and Devaluation","volume":"87","author":"Benson A. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208324101","article-title":"Leader Emergence: The Case of the Narcissistic Leader","volume":"34","author":"Brunell A. B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.09.006","article-title":"Narcissism at the Crossroads: Phenotypic Description of Pathological Narcissism Across Clinical Theory, Social\/Personality Psychology, and Psychiatric Diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Cain N. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Frontiers in Social Psychology: The Self","author":"Campbell W. K.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2012.659427","article-title":"Honestly Arrogant or Simply Misunderstood? Narcissists' Awareness of Their Narcissism","volume":"12","author":"Carlson E. N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Self and Identity"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167215581712","article-title":"Do Mean Guys Always Finish First or Just Say That They Do? Narcissists' Awareness of Their Social Status and Popularity Over Time","volume":"41","author":"Carlson E. N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319","article-title":"Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS\/BAS Scales","volume":"67","author":"Carver C. S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.52.3.351","article-title":"It's All About Me: Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on Company Strategy and Performance","volume":"52","author":"Chatterjee A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A Global Measure of Perceived Stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558","article-title":"Testing Mediational Models With Longitudinal Data: Questions and Tips in the Use of Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"112","author":"Cole D. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12464","article-title":"Exploring the Structure of Narcissism: Toward an Integrated Solution","volume":"87","author":"Crowe M. L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2014.02.004","article-title":"The Effects of Vulnerable and Grandiose Narcissism on Liking\u2010Based and Disliking\u2010Based Centrality in Social Networks","volume":"50","author":"Czarna A. Z.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.3.188.22146","article-title":"Interpersonal Analysis of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism","volume":"17","author":"Dickinson K. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00322","article-title":"The Impact of Social Threat on Worldview and Ideological Attitudes","volume":"24","author":"Duckitt J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000510","article-title":"Dynamics of Narcissistic Grandiosity and Vulnerability in Naturalistic and Experimental Settings","volume":"127","author":"Edershile E. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000370","article-title":"Fluctuations in Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissistic States: A Momentary Perspective","volume":"120","author":"Edershile E. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01569","article-title":"The Big\u2010Fish\u2010Little\u2010Pond Effect on Academic Self\u2010Concept: A Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Fang J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550620963655","article-title":"Collective Narcissism, In\u2010Group Satisfaction, and Solidarity in the Face of COVID\u201019","volume":"12","author":"Federico C. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209340904","article-title":"The Metamorphosis of Narcissus: Communal Activation Promotes Relationship Commitment Among Narcissists","volume":"35","author":"Finkel E. J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.9.1144","article-title":"Adolescent Hierarchy Formation and the Social Competition Theory of Depression","volume":"28","author":"Fournier M. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167213516635","article-title":"Down\u2010Regulating Narcissistic Tendencies: Communal Focus Reduces State Narcissism","volume":"40","author":"Giacomin M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12148","article-title":"The Wax and Wane of Narcissism: Grandiose Narcissism as a Process or State","volume":"84","author":"Giacomin M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619873350","article-title":"The \u201cWhy\u201d and \u201cHow\u201d of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit","volume":"15","author":"Grapsas S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12608","article-title":"Identity Change and the Transition to University: Implications for Cortisol Awakening Response, Psychological Well\u2010Being and Academic Performance","volume":"17","author":"Griffin S. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Psychology. Health and Well\u2010Being"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/peps.12072","article-title":"Narcissism and Leadership: A Meta\u2010Analytic Review of Linear and Nonlinear Relationships","volume":"68","author":"Grijalva E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167215611636","article-title":"Narcissism and Self\u2010Insight: A Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Narcissists' Self\u2010Enhancement Tendencies","volume":"42","author":"Grijalva E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","unstructured":"Hamaker E. L.2018.\u201cHow to Run the RI\u2010CLPM in MPlus.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/RI\u2010CLPM%20Hamaker%20input.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000600","article-title":"The Within\u2010Between Dispute in Cross\u2010Lagged Panel Research and How to Move Forward","volume":"31","author":"Hamaker E. L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889","article-title":"A Critique of the Cross\u2010Lagged Panel Model","volume":"20","author":"Hamaker E. L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","article-title":"The Weirdest People in the World?","volume":"33","author":"Henrich J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu L. T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209356787","article-title":"Testing an Integrative Model of Respect: Implications for Social Engagement and Well\u2010Being","volume":"36","author":"Huo Y. J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12128","article-title":"Let Go of Your (Inflated) Ego: Caring More About Others Reduces Narcissistic Tendencies","volume":"8","author":"Jordan C. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01818.x","article-title":"Attenuating the Link Between Threatened Egotism and Aggression","volume":"17","author":"Konrath S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868316685018","article-title":"The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality","volume":"22","author":"Krizan Z.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000467","article-title":"Narcissistic Status Pursuit in Everyday Social Life: A Within\u2010Person Process Approach to the Behavioral and Emotional Dynamics of Narcissism","volume":"125","author":"Kroencke L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167219872477","article-title":"A Longitudinal Field Investigation of Narcissism and Popularity Over Time: How Agentic and Antagonistic Aspects of Narcissism Shape the Development of Peer Relationships","volume":"46","author":"Leckelt M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000057","article-title":"Behavioral Processes Underlying the Decline of Narcissists' Popularity Over Time","volume":"109","author":"Leckelt M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.248","article-title":"Longitudinal Associations of Narcissism With Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Institutional Outcomes: An Investigation Using a Representative Sample of the German Population","volume":"5","author":"Leckelt M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_1","article-title":"To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits","volume":"9","author":"Little T. D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459231158378","article-title":"Why the Cross\u2010Lagged Panel Model is Almost Never the Right Choice","volume":"6","author":"Lucas R. E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12964","article-title":"On the Robustness of Reciprocal Associations Between Personality and Religiosity in a German Sample","volume":"92","author":"Lucas R. E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12977","article-title":"Conceptualizing Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism as Alternative Status\u2010Seeking Strategies: Insights From Hierometer Theory","volume":"18","author":"Mahadevan N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000189","article-title":"Is Self\u2010Regard a Sociometer or a Hierometer? Self\u2010Esteem Tracks Status and Inclusion, Narcissism Tracks Status","volume":"116","author":"Mahadevan N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.10.041","article-title":"Where I Am and Where I Want to Be: Perceptions of and Aspirations for Status and Inclusion Differentially Predict Psychological Health","volume":"139","author":"Mahadevan N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12559","article-title":"The Ups and Downs of Social Life: Within\u2010Person Variations in Daily Status and Inclusion Differentially Predict Self\u2010Regard and Interpersonal Behavior","volume":"88","author":"Mahadevan N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00334","article-title":"Winners, Losers, Insiders, and Outsiders: Comparing Hierometer and Sociometer Theories of Self\u2010Regard","volume":"7","author":"Mahadevan N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672211021189","article-title":"Desperately Seeking Status: How Desires for, and Perceived Attainment of, Status and Inclusion Relate to Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism","volume":"48","author":"Mahadevan N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.47.1.213","article-title":"Determinants of Student Self\u2010Concept: Is it Better to be a Relatively Large Fish in a Small Pond Even if You Don't Learn to Swim as Well?","volume":"47","author":"Marsh H. W.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244","article-title":"Controversies in Narcissism","volume":"13","author":"Miller J. D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1204_1","article-title":"Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self\u2010Regulatory Processing Model","volume":"12","author":"Morf C. C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.5.921","article-title":"Cross\u2010Situational Generality and the Interpersonal Circumplex","volume":"66","author":"Moskowitz D. S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611417259","article-title":"Reality at Odds With Perceptions: Narcissistic Leaders and Group Performance","volume":"22","author":"Nevicka B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2013.08.002","article-title":"Narcissistic CEOs and Executive Compensation","volume":"25","author":"O'Reilly C. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000358","article-title":"Testing Prospective Effects in Longitudinal Research: Comparing Seven Competing Cross\u2010Lagged Models","volume":"120","author":"Orth U.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2020.103979","article-title":"Does Openness to Experience Predict Changes in Conservatism? A Nine\u2010Wave Longitudinal Investigation Into the Personality Roots to Ideology","volume":"87","author":"Osborne D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1197","article-title":"Interpersonal and Intrapsychic Adaptiveness of Trait Self\u2010Enhancement: A Mixed Blessing?","volume":"74","author":"Paulhus D. L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167213501699","article-title":"Wealth and the Inflated Self: Class, Entitlement, and Narcissism","volume":"40","author":"Piff P. K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016530","article-title":"Initial Construction and Validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory","volume":"21","author":"Pincus A. L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff P. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12569","article-title":"Achieving Status and Reducing Loneliness During the Transition to College: The Role of Entitlement, Intrasexual Competitiveness, and Dominance","volume":"31","author":"Rahal D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000919","article-title":"Subjective Social Status and Health During High School and Young Adulthood","volume":"56","author":"Rahal D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.890","article-title":"A Principal\u2010Components Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Further Evidence of Its Construct Validity","volume":"54","author":"Raskin R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136","volume-title":"Society and the Adolescent Self\u2010Image","author":"Rosenberg M.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2006.10.005","article-title":"Narcissistic Leadership","volume":"17","author":"Rosenthal S. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","article-title":"Missing Data: Our View of the State of the Art","volume":"7","author":"Schafer J. L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2008.03.003","article-title":"Measurement Invariance: Review of Practice and Implications","volume":"18","author":"Schmitt N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000100","article-title":"Development of a Short Form of the Five\u2010Factor Narcissism Inventory: The FFNI\u2010SF","volume":"27","author":"Sherman E. D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001","volume-title":"Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence","author":"Singer J. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550615609735","article-title":"Do Bad Guys Get Ahead or Fall Behind? Relationships of the Dark Triad of Personality With Objective and Subjective Career Success","volume":"7","author":"Spurk D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013314","article-title":"Knowing Me, Knowing You: The Accuracy and Unique Predictive Validity of Self\u2010Ratings and Other\u2010Ratings of Daily Behavior","volume":"95","author":"Vazire S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.4.590","article-title":"Two Faces of Narcissism","volume":"61","author":"Wink P.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.05.005","article-title":"Narcissism and Celebrity","volume":"40","author":"Young S. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112231","article-title":"Narcissism and Psychological Needs for Social Status, Power, and Belonging","volume":"210","author":"Zeigler\u2010Hill V.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s40806-021-00278-w","article-title":"Narcissism and Motives to Pursue Status Through the Use of Dominance\u2010Based Strategies, Prestige\u2010Based Strategies, and Leadership\u2010Based Strategies","volume":"7","author":"Zeigler\u2010Hill V.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12392","article-title":"Narcissism and the Pursuit of Status","volume":"87","author":"Zeigler\u2010Hill V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopy.70081","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jopy.70081","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jopy.70081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:45:36Z","timestamp":1779180336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jopy.70081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jopy.70081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.70081","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3506","1467-6494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3506","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-6494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jopy.70081"}}