{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:46:01Z","timestamp":1791978361721,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001661","name":"Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta\u2010analysis systematically examines personality development during study abroad. It aims to synthesize previously fragmented longitudinal evidence and explain mixed findings by identifying how personality change varies by students' country of origin, duration of stay, and home\u2010host cultural distance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This pre\u2010registered meta\u2010analysis synthesized 25 studies, including 40 independent samples and 184 effect sizes (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095732) among diverse national and cultural contexts. Effect sizes were analyzed using a two\u2010level random\u2010effects model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results indicated an overall increase in openness (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.079), self\u2010evaluations and agency (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.117), and a decrease in neuroticism (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.145) while abroad. Baseline comparisons revealed self\u2010selection effects that sojourners differed from control groups before departure in all Big Five traits. Personality changes did not differ between adolescent and young adult sojourners but showed trait\u2010specific temporal dynamics both during and after the sojourn. Regional analyses suggested distinct change patterns across European, US, and Asian samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings show that studying abroad robustly predicts personality changes among young adults, depending on time and home\u2010host cultural distance. Future studies are needed to scrutinize the short\u2010term processes of the international experience together with specific domains of cultural distance that explain individual differences in personality change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:54:23Z","timestamp":1791975263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Meta\u2010Analysis on Personality Change Among International Students From the USA, European, and Asian Countries Studying Abroad"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8356-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwen","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology and Network Aging Research Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6290-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Wrzus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology and Network Aging Research Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000580"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820190087009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","unstructured":"*Angulo S. K.2008.\u201cIdentity Change in Students Who Study Abroad.\u201dPh.D. The University of Texas at Austin.https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/194154897\/abstract\/B0ED36A5EE3C4087PQ\/1."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1574953"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868306294907"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u20108317.1988.tb00901.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022118798505"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804674-6.00004-1","volume-title":"Personality Development Across the Lifespan","author":"Bleidorn W.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000365"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08902070231190219"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556\u20106678.2007.tb00444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3403_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Study Abroad Impact on Personality","volume":"42","author":"Eby L. A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychology and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024299"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","unstructured":"*Fong J.2021.\u201cAn Exploration of Undergraduates' Intercultural Development: A Case Study of an Internship Abroad Program.\u201dPh.D. State University of New York at Albany.https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2618955151\/abstract\/52217B234FFD4A2DPQ\/1."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022113478656"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010016\u20100479\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","unstructured":"*Halchak J.2017.\u201cFrom a Caterpillar to a Butterfly: Examining the Metamorphosis of the Big Five Personality Indicators in Pennsylvania State System Study Abroad Students. [ProQuest Information & Learning].\u201dDissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences (Vol. 77 Issues 9\u2010A(E)). (2016\u201053069\u2010263).https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/linkprocessor\/plink?id=49d4cec1\u201098f0\u20103346\u201086ac\u20108980ddde0ea1."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220221221109559"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","volume-title":"Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work\u2010Related Values","author":"Hofstede G.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/rj\u20102021\u2010046"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","unstructured":"*Hughes K. E.2003.\u201cThe Effect of the International Business Institute Study Abroad Program on Cross \u2010Cultural Adaptibility Among International Business Students.\u201dPh.D. Capella University.https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/305226449\/abstract\/38BE0675E41D4900PQ\/1."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. n.d.\u201cISO 3166\u2014Country Codes.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\u20103166\u2010country\u2010codes.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022120933677"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Personality Development Across the Lifespan","author":"Kandler C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","unstructured":"*Kauffmann N. L.1983.\u201cThe Impact of Study Abroad on Personality Change.\u201dEducat.D. 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