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Prior validation efforts have also mostly relied on white\u2010majority samples, raising concerns about generalizability. With 587 adolescents (M\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200916.38\u2009years, range\u2009=\u200913\u201319), confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) supported correlated three\u2010factor and second\u2010order models equivalently. However, the beyond\u2010the\u2010self dimension had the weakest connections with the overarching purpose construct and other CPS dimensions, and exploratory tests suggested that the correlated three\u2010factor model may have an empirical edge over the second\u2010order configuration. Expected zero\u2010order correlations provided evidence of convergent validity; up to partial scalar invariance across racial\u2013ethnic groups was supported by multigroup CFA; and latent means testing and multigroup structural equation modeling failed to find differences between racial\u2013ethnic groups in purpose level and adjustment associations. Findings are discussed from developmental and cultural perspectives, with implications for future adolescent purpose measurement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.70215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:06:42Z","timestamp":1780981602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishing validity and measurement invariance of the Claremont Purpose Scale among adolescents from diverse racial\u2013ethnic backgrounds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1739-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hou","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0875-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaylin","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody","family":"Estevez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GripTape  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1247-0985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Burrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12973\/ijem.7.4.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM\u2010210848"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1250279"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7491-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13434"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15427609.2018.1441577"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000515176"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023818"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.105.3.456"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1203_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","volume-title":"A first course in factor analysis","author":"Comrey A. 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