{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:05:20Z","timestamp":1790381120254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["430\u20102017\u201000371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430\u20102017\u201000371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Research on Adolesc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Refugee children's school adjustment is often associated with host country language proficiency, peer victimization, and school belonging, but longitudinal associations among these constructs may reflect both stable child differences and time\u2010varying school\u2010experience processes. This three\u2010wave longitudinal study examined English language proficiency, bullying victimization, and school belonging in 68 Syrian refugee children in Canada. We estimated a cross\u2010lagged panel model (CLPM) and a random intercept cross\u2010lagged panel model (RI\u2010CLPM), both with family\u2010clustered robust inference and controlling for child's age and gender, to distinguish stable child effects from time\u2010varying school\u2010experience processes. The former addresses correlation (e.g., children show trait stability in the three constructs and their associations over time) while the latter addresses whether time\u2010varying school experiences precede later change (e.g., bullying is followed by lower host country language proficiency). In the CLPM, significant cross\u2010lag paths showed that higher Wave 1 bullying victimization predicted lower Wave 2 English language proficiency, higher Wave 1 English language proficiency predicted higher Wave 2 school belonging, higher Wave 1 school belonging predicted higher Wave 2 bullying victimization and higher Wave 2 school belonging predicted higher Wave 3 English language proficiency. In the RI\u2010CLPM with the stable child effect removed, only two significant cross\u2010lags were seen: higher Wave 1 bullying victimization predicted lower Wave 2 English language proficiency (expected), and higher Wave 1 school belonging predicted higher Wave 2 bullying victimization (unexpected). The difference in the findings from the two models suggests that observed longitudinal associations between English language proficiency, bullying victimization, and school belonging are primarily stable between\u2010child differences, whereas early bullying was associated with lower later English language proficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T10:46:40Z","timestamp":1786618000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bullying victimization, language proficiency, and school belonging among Syrian refugee early adolescents in Canada: A cross\u2010lagged and random\u2010intercept cross\u2010lagged panel study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Vitoroulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Ottawa  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songtao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9021-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Redab","family":"Al\u2010Janaideh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Assessment, Centre for Leadership and Learning York Region District School Board  Newmarket Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0489-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Soto","family":"Corominas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English and German Studies Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanne","family":"Paradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linguistics Department University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katholiki","family":"Georgiades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gottardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wilfrid Laurier University  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2910-6215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12890"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"Ager A. &Strang A.(2004).The experience of integration: A qualitative study of refugee integration in the local communities of Pollokshaws and Islington. Report to IRSS Home Office Croydon."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648\u2010016\u20109389\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/edp.2016.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991383"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26522\/brocked.v32i1.975"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12518"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12662"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2017.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010021\u201001787\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826\u2010019\u201001425\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","unstructured":"Clark K. A.(2017).Are we ready? Examining teachers' experiences supporting the transition of newly\u2010arrived Syrian refugee students to the Canadian elementary classroom[Master's research paper Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto]."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100356"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","unstructured":"Currie C. Samdal O. Boyce W. &Smith R.(2001).Health Behaviour in school\u2010aged children: A WHO cross\u2010national study. Research protocol for the 2001\/2002 Survey Edinburgh Scotland: University of Edinburgh Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010009\u20109496\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.131.4.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn L. M. &Dunn E. S.(2007).Peabody picture vocabulary test\u2014IV. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15144-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130193"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010021\u201002173\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12391"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431618770829"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20104642(17)30147\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X231185364"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.16364"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2012.01862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","unstructured":"Godin K. English K. Ochocka J. &Janzen R.(2017).Understanding the experiences of Syrian refugee youth: A community\u2010based research study examining the barriers and successes faced by Syrian refugee youth in Ontario. Centre for Community Based Research.https:\/\/projects.communitybasedresearch.ca\/files\/rjanzen\/syrian_youth.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6807(199301)30:1<79::AID-PITS2310300113>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359\u20101789(03)00033\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20355\/jcie29362"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imig.12829"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/chso.12525"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","unstructured":"Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2019).Syrian outcomes report. Government of Canada.https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/immigration\u2010refugees\u2010citizenship\/corporate\/reports\u2010statistics\/evaluations\/syrian\u2010outcomes\u2010report\u20102019.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","unstructured":"Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2022).Evaluation of the settlement workers in schools (SWIS) initiative. Government of Canada.https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/immigration\u2010refugees\u2010citizenship\/corporate\/reports\u2010statistics\/evaluations\/settlement\u2010workers\u2010school\u2010initiative.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64838-5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104507071052"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2023.2291941"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.117.3.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18806\/tesl.v34i1.1255"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010008\u20109312\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459231158378"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03057925.2017.1375848"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894\u2010019\u201000117\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144\u2010022\u201003341\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12282"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky232"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2023.2222304"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579424000154"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579410000222"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v7.i1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Handbook of adolescent development research and its impact on global policy","author":"Motti\u2010Stefanidi F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43645-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42303-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000531"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104517742188"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264292093-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107610.1994.tb01229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212\u2010021\u201000582\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/1055569ar"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S014271642000017X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802\u2010017\u20100309\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796022000191"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13670"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903\u2010014\u20100108\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146519868847"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25071\/1920\u20107336.41395"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1367\/A03\u2010178R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105313502567"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968231181720"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20590776.2022.2111209"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102021\u2010008189"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12282"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894\u2010022\u201000197\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016\u20109040\/a000312"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of acculturation and health","author":"Segalowitz N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Handbook of developmental research methods","author":"Selig J. P.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2022).Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150\u2009years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians. (No. 11\u2010001\u2010X 2023) Ottawa: ON."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2019.101075"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2023.2210593"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617752062"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558405274853"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2017.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12134\u2010019\u201000665\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2012.01745.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1332\/175795923X16839016657163"}],"container-title":["Journal of Research on Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jora.70239","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jora.70239","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jora.70239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:51:10Z","timestamp":1790380270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jora.70239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jora.70239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.70239","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-8392","1532-7795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-8392","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70239"}}