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A Victimization\u2010Expectancy Model of Proactive Aggression (VEMPA), inspired by ideas of the General Aggression Model (GAM) and Social Learning Theory (SLT), was developed to address this issue. Specifically, we conducted a longitudinal study to examine how bullying victimization has an effect on within\u2010person changes in proactive aggression through positive aggression outcome expectancies (positive AOE) in 641 senior high school students (43.1% girls,\n                    <jats:italic>Mage<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200916.76\u2009years,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.68) across one year. A Random Intercept Cross\u2010Lagged Panel Model (RI\u2010CLPM) analysis indicated that positive AOE at Time 2 mediated the effect of bullying victimization at Time 1 on proactive aggression at Time 3 at the within\u2010person level, after controlling for reactive aggression. These results partially support the VEMPA, which provides an effective theoretical framework for understanding the mechanisms of within\u2010person changes in proactive aggression among senior high school students. These findings have implications for developing targeted interventions for proactive aggression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.70257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:07:12Z","timestamp":1788253632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The serial effect of bullying victimization and aggression outcome expectancies on within\u2010person changes in proactive aggression among adolescents across one year"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8720-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1875-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling\u2010Xiang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.22019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"168","volume-title":"The social psychology of good and evi","author":"Anderson C. 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