{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:45:53Z","timestamp":1791859553816,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008090","name":"Tufts University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Research on Adolesc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    White young adults in the United States often face challenges in developing anti\u2010racist values and commitments, given that their distal and proximal contexts of development are fundamentally shaped by racist ideologies, such as white normativity and supremacy. Yet little is known about how some white young adults, despite these challenges, form life goals centered on social justice and racial justice\u2014defined here as\n                    <jats:italic>critical purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Drawing on frameworks of ethnic\u2010racial identity, white racial identity development, and critical consciousness, this study investigated how white racial identity exploration and critical reflection predict white young adults' endorsement of critical purposes. Critical reflection was examined at two levels: general and domain\u2010specific about racism. Survey data were collected from 598 white young adults (ages 18\u201325), and sequential regression analyses were conducted to test how these developmental processes predicted four types of life goals: making money, helping others, advancing social justice, and fighting for racial justice. Results indicated that although racial identity exploration was positively associated with endorsement of social justice and racial justice life goals (i.e., critical purposes), both forms of critical reflection more robustly predicted critical purposes. Domain\u2010specific critical reflection about racism more strongly predicted critical purpose for racial justice. These findings demonstrate the interplay between racial identity and critical consciousness in the lives of white young adults as they form commitments to advancing justice. The findings also highlight the utility of distinguishing between domain\u2010specific and general critical reflection in research and practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.70291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:00:48Z","timestamp":1791856848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The roles of racial identity exploration and critical reflection in white young adults' commitment to social justice and racial justice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3849-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yining","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teachers College Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0526-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew N.","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eliot\u2010Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development Tufts University  Medford Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara K.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eliot\u2010Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development Tufts University  Medford Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010soc\u2010090324\u2010022010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278\u20106133.19.6.586"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015\u20105759\/a000699"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12276"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.55.5.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000674"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","volume-title":"Racism without racists: Color\u2010blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America","author":"Bonilla\u2010Silva E.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bundick M. Andrews M. Jones A. Mariano J. M. Bronk K. C. &Damon W.(2006).Revised youth purpose survey. [Unpublished instrument]. Stanford Center on Adolescence.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t10273\u2010000","DOI":"10.1037\/t10273-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010024\u201002085\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20100167.54.3.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025433"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","volume-title":"The path to purpose: Helping our children find their calling in life","author":"Damon W.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","first-page":"110","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of moral development: An interdisciplinary perspective","author":"Damon W.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.13026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3726\/978-1-4539-1848-7","volume-title":"What does it mean to be white? Developing white racial literacy","author":"DiAngelo R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X14538289"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12193"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315147413","volume-title":"Black reconstruction in America: Toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860\u20131880","author":"Du Bois W. E. B.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14215"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed","author":"Freire P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15427609.2024.2383856"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","volume-title":"Voices of Gen Z study: Gen Z wants to do good: How helping others supports meaning and wellbeing","author":"Gallup","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2661"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2025.2457452"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000048"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156916306779155199"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","first-page":"152","volume-title":"The social identity of women","author":"Gurin P.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","volume-title":"White kids: Growing up with privilege in a racially divided America","author":"Hagerman M. A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000948"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000230"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","volume-title":"Black and white racial identity: Theory, research, and practice","author":"Helms J. E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Handbook of multicultural counseling","author":"Helms J. E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","volume-title":"A race is a nice thing to have","author":"Helms J. E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11256\u2010017\u20100411\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/aap0000431"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20398"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009153751.011","volume-title":"Critical consciousness: Expanding theory and measurement","author":"Johnson S. K.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963\u20107214.2005.00377.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010021\u201001453\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2018.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22678"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000322"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894\u2010019\u201000122\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12973"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001353"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12762"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12645"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07435584221145009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798404268287"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968251338594"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211029950"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09515070.2015.1101534"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016274"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964\u2010021\u201001545\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009153751.008","volume-title":"Critical consciousness: Expanding theory and measurement","author":"Rapa L. J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ss.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","volume-title":"The wages of whiteness: Race and the making of the American working class","author":"Roediger D. R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010devpsych\u2010111323\u2010113901"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/10.1159\/000534965"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13262"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000137"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20100167.51.2.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.13054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u20107795.2009.00609.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15427609.2024.2405328"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431617692443"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027408"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418000974"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12196"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532706XID0401_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.138"}],"container-title":["Journal of Research on Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jora.70291","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jora.70291","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jora.70291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:00:53Z","timestamp":1791856853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jora.70291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jora.70291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.70291","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-8392","1532-7795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-8392","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70291"}}