{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:58:58Z","timestamp":1768910338270,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In\u2010school transmission of COVID\u201019 among K\u201012 students is low when mitigation layers are used, but the risk of acquiring COVID\u201019 during school bus transportation is not well defined. Given the operational limitations of many school districts, more data is needed to determine what mitigation is required to keep COVID\u201019 transmission low during bus transport.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An independent school in Virginia monitored 1154 students in grades 1 to 12 with asymptomatic PCR testing every 2\u2009weeks from August 24, 2020 to March 19, 2021, during the highest community transmission. Fifteen buses served 462 students while operating at near capacity of 2 students in every seat, using a physical distancing minimum of 2.5\u00a0ft, universal masking, and simple ventilation techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 39 individuals were present on buses during their COVID\u201019 infectious period, which resulted in the quarantine of 52 students. Universal testing and contact tracing revealed no transmission linked to bus transportation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates a model for the safe operation of school buses while near capacity. COVID\u201019 transmission can be low during student transport when employing mitigation including simple ventilation, and universal masking, at minimal physical distances and during the highest community transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T05:21:11Z","timestamp":1626844871000},"page":"678-682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["<scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 Transmission during Transportation of 1st to 12th Grade Students: Experience of an Independent School in Virginia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana W.E.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Pediatrics, (Dana.ramirez@chkd.org), Pediatric Emergency Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, Virginia, 23507, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin D.","family":"Klinkhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Emergency Medicine Residency Program Director, (mklinkhammer@ept911.com), Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School, 600 Gresham Drive, Norfolk, Virginia, 23507, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah C.","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair, Virginia American Academy of Pediatrics School Re\u2010opening Task Force, Attending Physician (Leah.rowland@chkd.org) Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Pediatric Specialists, 885 Kempsville Road, Norfolk, Virginia, 23502, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2015.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7011a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Executive Order on Supporting the Reopening and Continuing Operation of Schools and Early Childhood Education Providers|The White House.The White House. Available at:https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing\u2010room\/presidential\u2010actions\/2021\/01\/21\/executive\u2010order\u2010supporting\u2010the\u2010reopening\u2010and\u2010continuing\u2010operation\u2010of\u2010schools\u2010and\u2010early\u2010childhood\u2010education\u2010providers\/. Accessed March 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"School Bus Fast Facts.New York Bus Contractors Association. Available at:https:\/\/www.nysbca.com\/fastfacts.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"Virginia Beach City Public Schools Transportation General Information and Bus Schedules. Available at:https:\/\/www.vbschools.com\/parents\/bus_schedules___transportation\/bus_transportation_f_a_qs. Accessed April 3 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","author":"Community, Work, and School. Strategies for Protecting K\u201012 School Staff from COVID\u201019.","journal-title":"Ctr Dis Control Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101626"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.5225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","article-title":"Open windows on buses reduce potentially infectious particles in the air","author":"Masks F","journal-title":"The MITRE Corporation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Schools and the Path to Zero.Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. Harvard University. Available at:https:\/\/ethics.harvard.edu\/news\/schools\u2010and\u2010path\u2010zero. Accessed March 15 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Schools for Health: COVID\u201019.Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Available at:https:\/\/schools.forhealth.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2020\/06\/Harvard\u2010Healthy\u2010Buildings\u2010Program\u2010Schools\u2010For\u2010Health\u2010Reopening\u2010Covid19\u2010June2020.pdf. Accessed March 25 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Saliva Direct.Yale School of Public Health. Available at:htps:\/\/publichealth.yale.edu\/salivadirect\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Cases\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Coronavirus. Virginia Department of Health. Available at:https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/coronavirus\/coronavirus\/covid\u201019\u2010in\u2010virginia\u2010cases. Accessed April 4 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Community Work and School.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019\u2010ncov\/community\/organizations\/bus\u2010transit\u2010operator.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0037452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 Update:School Quarantine Guidance Change Curfew Extension Bar and Restaurant Grants Still Available. Mike DeWine Governor of Ohio. Available at:https:\/\/governor.ohio.gov\/wps\/portal\/gov\/governor\/media\/news\u2010and\u2010media\/covid19\u2010update\u201012302020. 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