{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T18:02:06Z","timestamp":1773943326520,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#R01AA027241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01AA027241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The conceptual framework for <jats:italic>School as a Protective Factor<\/jats:italic>\u00a0approach was presented in a companion article in this issue of the journal. The current article describes the validation of the <jats:italic>School as a Protective Factor\u2010Brief<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPF\u2010Brief<\/jats:italic>), a 13\u2010item survey measuring the 3 core constructs and 13 defining characteristics of this framework.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>SPF\u2010Brief<\/jats:italic> was validated through 2 studies. The developmental study used a longitudinal design including 1349 participants who completed surveys over 5 semesters, while the validation study used a cross\u2010sectional design with 2775 participants. Both studies included middle and high school students. Factor analysis, growth model analysis, criterion\u2010related validation, and outcome analysis were employed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses provided strong evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the instrument and conceptual framework. Higher <jats:italic>SPF\u2010Brief<\/jats:italic> scores were associated with higher math grades, English grades, and quality of life, as well as lower rates of anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, alcohol, e\u2010cigarette, tobacco, and cannabis use. Effect size estimates ranged from moderate to strong.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest the utility of the <jats:italic>SPF\u2010Brief<\/jats:italic> instrument and the <jats:italic>School as a Protective Factor<\/jats:italic> framework. Together, they may offer advantages to the traditional school climate approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T05:24:10Z","timestamp":1719552250000},"page":"1079-1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Beyond School Climate: Validating the <scp><i>School as a Protective Factor\u2010Brief<\/i><\/scp> Survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Christa L.","family":"Lilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health West Virginia University  1 Medical Center Drive Morgantown WV 26506\u20109190"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfgeir L.","family":"Kristjansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health West Virginia University  1 Medical Center Drive Morgantown WV 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