{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T02:41:41Z","timestamp":1792377701311,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with disabilities are advised to meet the\n                      <jats:italic>Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and be as active as possible. A key opportunity for physical activity (PA) is physical education (PE).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>State laws (50 states and DC) as of December 31, 2023, were compiled from commercial legal databases and double\u2010coded as part of the National Cancer Institute's CLASS database. Laws were coded for any adapted physical education (APE) provision, APE teacher certification and qualification, and PE exemptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While 49 states addressed the availability of APE, 16 states' laws did not indicate who is eligible. A total of 13 states' laws addressed APE curriculum standards, and 30 addressed APE teacher certification. In total, 15 states addressed who teaches APE at the elementary level and 14 at the middle\/high school levels. PE exemptions for disability varied by grade.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for School Health Policy and Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>State laws represent an opportunity to better address APE, including who is qualified to teach APE and what standards could be used to guide such instruction when it falls to general PE educators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater attention to how state laws address the inclusion of students with disabilities is necessary, as PA is a key component of a healthy lifestyle for all children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.70228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:49:32Z","timestamp":1789649372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["State Laws Supporting Adapted Physical Education Access and Quality for Students With Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Piekarz\u2010Porter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"University of Illinois Chicago School of Law  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2789-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Schermbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research and Policy University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Leider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research and Policy University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank M.","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Behaviors Research Branch (HBRB), Behavioral Research Program (BRP), Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences (DCCPS) National Cancer Institute  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2538-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie F.","family":"Chriqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research and Policy University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative \u201c2022\u20132023 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) Data Query \u201dData Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health Supported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) accessed June 11 2025 www.childhealthdata.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report","author":"Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010018\u20100979\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: A Guide for Schools","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Springboard to Active Schools Data Brief: Strengthen Physical Education in Schools","author":"National Network of Public Health Institutes","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160\u2010010\u20109192\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.8081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2011.603641"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Increasing Physical Education and Physical Activity: A Framework for Schools","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2012.10599842"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"National Archives \u201cFree Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) \u201d2023 34 C.F.R. 300.101 https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title\u201034\/subtitle\u2010B\/chapter\u2010III\/part\u2010300\/subpart\u2010B\/subject\u2010group\u2010ECFR4c69ab8d340f516\/section\u2010300.101."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"National Archives \u201cPhysical Education \u201d2023 34 C.F.R. 300.108 https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title\u201034\/subtitle\u2010B\/chapter\u2010III\/part\u2010300\/subpart\u2010B\/subject\u2010group\u2010ECFRf27988d69cd5d3a\/section\u2010300.108."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"IRIS Center \u201cThe IEP Process \u201daccessed January 7 2025 https:\/\/iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu\/module\/iep01\/cresource\/q2\/p03\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Individuals With Disabilities Education Act 1990 104 Stat. 1142 Pub.L. 101\u2010476 https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/STATUTE\u2010104\/pdf\/STATUTE\u2010104\u2010Pg1103.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","article-title":"Quantitative Analyses About Market\u2010 and Prevalence\u2010Based Needs for Adapted Physical Education Teachers in the Public Schools in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physical Educator"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.17.3.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"United States Government Accountability Office \u201cStudents With Disabilities: More Information and Guidance Could Improve Opportunities in Physical Education and Athletics \u201d2010 https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao\u201010\u2010519."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"National Consortium for Physical Education for Individuals With Disabilities \u201cWhat is Adapted Physical Education? \u201d2022 https:\/\/www.ncpeid.org\/what\u2010is\u2010ape."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008\u20100566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.070930103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"The National Consortium for Physical Education for Individuals with Disabilities \u201cAPENS History \u201daccessed September 11 2023 https:\/\/www.ncpeid.org\/apens\u2010history."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"The National Consortium for Physical Education for Individuals with Disabilities \u201cCAPE Initial Certification \u201daccessed September 11 2023 https:\/\/www.ncpeid.org\/apens\u2010certification."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2009.10598297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"National Archives \u201cLRE Requirements \u201d2023 34 C.F.R. 300.114."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"Strategies for Inclusion: Physical Education for Everyone","author":"Lieberman L.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","unstructured":"Wrightslaw \u201cPhysical Education for Students With Disabilities \u201d2024 https:\/\/www.wrightslaw.com\/info\/pe.index.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2012.697737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Results From the School Health Policies and Practices Study 2016","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/tjx.0000000000000166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"LexisAdvance accessed September 11 2023 https:\/\/advance.lexis.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"WestlawNext accessed December 29 2022 https:\/\/next.westlaw.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute \u201cClassification of Laws Associated With School Students \u201daccessed January 8 2025 https:\/\/class.cancer.gov."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibaa013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/tjx.0000000000000161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"\u201cEvaluations Eligibility Determinations Individualized Education Programs and Educational Placements \u201d2023 20 U.S.C. 1414 https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USCODE\u20102017\u2010title20\/pdf\/USCODE\u20102017\u2010title20\u2010chap33\u2010subchapII\u2010sec1414.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"PE Central \u201cIndividual Education Program (IEP) Development \u201daccessed March 13 2024 https:\/\/www.pecentral.org\/adapted\/adaptediep.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20454695"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1372813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471\u20103802.12528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","article-title":"The Costs of a \u201cFree\u201d Education: The Impact of Schaffer v. Weast and Arlington v. Murphy on Litigation Under the IDEA","volume":"57","author":"Thomason K. D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Duke Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","unstructured":"\u201cSpecial Education \u201d2023 34 C.F.R. 300.39 https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title\u201034\/subtitle\u2010B\/chapter\u2010III\/part\u2010300\/subpart\u2010A\/subject\u2010group\u2010ECFR0ec59c730ac278e\/section\u2010300.39."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","volume-title":"Results From the School Health Policies and Practices Study 2014","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","volume-title":"The Pandemic Has Exacerbated a Long\u2010Standing National Shortage of Teachers","author":"Schmitt J.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","volume-title":"School Staffing Shortages: Results From the January School Pulse Panel","author":"Institute of Education Sciences","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.109.3.737\u2010746"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","unstructured":"Maine Department of Education \u201cAdapted Physical Education \u201daccessed September 7 2023 https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/doe\/learning\/content\/physed\/adapted."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","volume-title":"2013\u20132014 Mississippi Physical Education Framework","author":"Mississippi Department of Education","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","unstructured":"\u201cPhysical Education Programs Required for Accreditation 70 Okla. St. 11\u2013103.9 \u201d 2023.https:\/\/www.oscn.net\/applications\/oscn\/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=106034."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","unstructured":"C. S.BayukandA. G.Vastis \u201cThe Rhode Island Physical Education Framework \u201d 2003 https:\/\/thriveri.org\/documents\/RI_PE_Framework.pdf."}],"container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/josh.70228","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/josh.70228","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/josh.70228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T02:39:04Z","timestamp":1792377544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/josh.70228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/josh.70228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josh.70228","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4391","1746-1561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4391","type":"print"},{"value":"1746-1561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70228"}}