{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:00:03Z","timestamp":1791291603838,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n School\u2010based physical fitness testing (SB\u2010PFT) is an important tool to address youth physical inactivity. However, the widely used Fitnessgram equation that converts timed mile run performance into estimates of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max) may not be valid for today's diverse US adolescent population. This study evaluated its validity, developed updated prediction equations, and examined the effect of omitting sex and\/or BMI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A diverse sample of middle school students (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009177) provided demographic information and timed mile run data and completed lab\u2010based VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max testing. Prediction accuracy for the Fitnessgram equation and newly\u2010developed equations was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson's correlation, and sensitivity and specificity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In this diverse sample, all four new VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max prediction equations outperformed the Fitnessgram equation, including equations excluding sex and\/or BMI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity<\/jats:title>\n When evaluated on a diverse sample of adolescents, the Fitnessgram misclassifies many adolescents as being in the healthy fitness zone despite having cardiorespiratory fitness levels associated with elevated health risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The Fitnessgram VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max prediction equation should be updated to reflect contemporary US demographics and schools' concerns about collecting BMI data.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.70246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:14:53Z","timestamp":1790385293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating\n \n VO\n 2<\/sub>\n max\n <\/scp>\n With the Timed Mile Run: An Updated Equation for Today's Youth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0304-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Berrocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4055-4625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Woodworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Science University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0214-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Berkeley California USA"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of California Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Science University of California Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000866"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1056484"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984\u20100462\/;2017;35;2;00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199503000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Fitnessgram\/Activitygram Reference Guide","author":"Plowman S. A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2020.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14485\/hbpr.8.2.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Report to the Legislature, the Department of Finance, and the State Board of Education: Physical Performance Test","author":"Assessment Development and Administration Division, Instruction, Measurement, and Administration Branch","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"California Department of Education \u201cPhysical Fitness Testing (PFT) \u201dUpdated August 27 2025 accessed September 12 2025 https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/ta\/tg\/pf\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2014\u20100175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1091367X.2018.1427590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2013.872217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142\u2010013\u20100249\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840518786782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865\u2010016\u20109776\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.1.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780030207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"136","volume-title":"FitnessGram Administration Manual","author":"The Cooper Institute","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention \u201cChildhood Obesity Facts \u201daccessed September 22 2025 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/childhood\u2010obesity\u2010facts\/childhood\u2010obesity\u2010facts.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Stierman J.Afful M. 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