{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T02:41:38Z","timestamp":1792377698319,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR001882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identifying early substance use and at\u2010risk adolescents is a challenge for public health. The objective was to identify variables in digital school records that might distinguish between youth at high and low risk of adolescent substance use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a secondary analysis of sixth\u2010grade students followed annually through eighth grade in Los Angeles, California. The composite outcome was self\u2010reported lifetime use of alcohol, cannabis, or other substances by eighth grade. Independent variables tested were parent\u2010reported GPA, transcript\u2010recorded GPA, and gradebook data including summative (quizzes and tests), formative (homework), and engagement (classroom behavior and participation) data. We evaluated models for discriminative ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 234 students included in our sample, 51.7% were female, 82.1% were Latino, and 47 reported the composite outcome. Gradebook formative and engagement scores were most consistently associated with substance use. A model including gradebook engagement score and female sex demonstrated moderate ability to discriminate (\n                      <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010statistic\u2009=\u20090.79).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings support the potential for digital gradebook data to serve as an inexpensive, readily available, and moderately accurate risk indicator of adolescent substance use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schools, families, and health systems may leverage increasingly digitized school data to identify and support youth even where traditional modes of screening are limited<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:25:51Z","timestamp":1791764751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Could School Function Be an Adolescent Health Vital Sign? Associations Between Gradebook Data and Substance Use Among Middle School Students"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Rosemarie","family":"DiPentino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin P. L.","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8922-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulwant K.","family":"Dosanjh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca N.","family":"Dudovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell D.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015\u20104425"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/718568"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746\u20101561.2009.00455.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"The Education\u2010Drug Use Connection: How Successes and Failures in School Relate to Adolescent Smoking, Drinking, Drug Use, and Delinquency","author":"Bachman J. 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