{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:50:10Z","timestamp":1767837010900,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent or recurrent pneumonia in children can pose a significant challenge to paediatricians and respiratory physicians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study is to determine the role of flexible bronchoscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content>) in evaluation of recurrent or persistent pneumonia that remain otherwise unexplained by non\u2010invasive diagnostic tests in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective evaluation of patients who underwent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content> with an indication of recurrent or persistent pneumonia from 1997 to 2011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 2600 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content> procedures, 434 (17%) were performed with the indication of recurrent or persistent pneumonia. There were 237 (54%) boys. Median age at presentation was 84 months, and median duration of symptoms was 9 months. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content> led to specific diagnosis in 33% of the cases. The most common diseases diagnosed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content> were malacia disorders (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>: 32, 7%), aspirated foreign body (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>: 30, 7%), endobronchial tuberculosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>: 20, 5%), congenital airway anomalies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>: 14, 3%), mucus plugs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>: 14, 3%), pulmonary haemosiderosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>: 12, 3%) and middle lobe syndrome (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>: 11, 3%). During <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content>, only 6% of the patients had minor complications such as transient hypoxia, stridor and tachycardia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content> proved to be a safe and effective tool in evaluation of children with persistent or recurrent pneumonia. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FB<\/jats:styled-content> is indicated for children with recurrent or persistent pneumonia where the underlying diagnosis remains unclear even after non\u2010invasive diagnostic tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T12:10:05Z","timestamp":1361880605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Bronchoscopic evaluation of unexplained recurrent and persistent pneumonia in children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Gokdemir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Marmara University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erkan","family":"Cakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arif","family":"Kut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Investigation Hospital  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ela","family":"Erdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Marmara University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Karadag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Marmara University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Refika","family":"Ersu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Marmara University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fazilet","family":"Karakoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Marmara University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/61.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198501000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0272-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Recurrent and non\u2010resolving pneumonia in children","volume":"8","author":"Wald ER","year":"1993","journal-title":"Semin. 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