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Long\u2010term risks of performing X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray procedures on children and adolescents for medical diagnosis have raised significant concerns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>In<\/jats:styled-content> this study, we adopt the case\u2010control methodology to evaluate the relationship between the incidence rate of acute leukaemia and exposure to radiation during diagnostic X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray examinations for children. Based on 1998\u20132010 data obtained from the T<\/jats:styled-content>aiwan B<\/jats:styled-content>ureau of N<\/jats:styled-content>ational H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth I<\/jats:styled-content>nsurance database, we selected 58 children with leukaemia and randomly selected an additional 232 children as the control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The mean age of children with leukaemia is 8.92 \u00b1 5.24 years. The risk of leukaemia in children who underwent X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray examinations increased 2.14\u2010fold (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 1.18\u20133.87). In this study, we identified that, when undergoing X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray examinations, the risk of leukaemia in children increased for both sex and age groups. Specifically, the relationship between leukaemia and X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray in boys (OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 3.28, 95%CI, 1.33\u20138.07) and in ages of 6 to 11 years (OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 2.58, 95%CI, 1.09\u20136.10) was significant. Overall, the risk of leukaemia in children who underwent X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray examinations progressively increased from a ratio of 1.65 to 3.14. Moreover, an identical trend was observed for boys (1.85 to 6.42).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Exposure to X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray increased the risk of leukaemia in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T11:13:05Z","timestamp":1402312385000},"page":"615-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between leukaemia and X<\/scp>\u2010ray in children: A nationwide study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Tian\u2010Yu","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Cheng Ching Hospital at Chung Kang and Graduate Institute of Clinical Science China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science College of Health Care China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin\u2010Shin","family":"Muo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Office for Health Data College of Medicine, China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Hung","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine PET Center China Medical University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15433-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7235.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6453(01)00049-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26625"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60815-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910420408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199904)59:4<227::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.70.830.9135438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Malignant disease in childhood and diagnostic irradiation in utero","volume":"271","author":"Giles D","year":"1956","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Preconception, intrauterine, and postnatal irradiation as related to leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Graham S","year":"1966","journal-title":"Natl. 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