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That the disease still occurs at high incidence in resource limited settings and in Indigenous populations in industrialised countries, particularly in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand, is an indication of the profound effect of socio\u2010economic factors on the disease. Although there have been major changes in the epidemiology of rheumatic fever, diagnosis remains reliant on careful clinical judgement and management is remarkably similar to that 50 years ago. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been given to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease as public health issues, including in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia and particularly in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand, as well as in selected low and middle income countries. Perhaps the greatest hope for public health control of rheumatic fever is the development of a vaccine against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>treptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>, and there are encouraging initiatives in this area. However, an effective vaccine is some time away and in the meantime public health efforts need to focus on effective translation of the known evidence around primary and secondary prophylaxis into policy and practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T09:34:13Z","timestamp":1421228053000},"page":"21-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Historical aspects of rheumatic fever"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Andrew C","family":"Steer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Child Health Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Group A Streptococcal Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.5.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400059866","article-title":"Infectious diseases in a semi\u2010closed community","volume":"41","author":"Thomson S","year":"1941","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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