{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:24:46Z","timestamp":1791429886229,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"IWK Children's Heart Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recognition of normal and abnormal heart sounds and murmurs is an important but declining clinical skill among practitioners. Current teaching methods are often ineffective. This may result from inadequate repetition and normal\u2013abnormal comparisons needed for auditory recognition. This paper describes a rapid new method of teaching murmur recognition using principles of auditory training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were 120 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian and 42 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian medical students. The medical students were randomised to intervention and control (no intervention) groups. The 1\u2010h online programme structured like a computer game used auditory training methodology to teach students to distinguish between innocent and pathological murmurs. Participants underwent pre\u2010 and post\u2010testing on 20 paediatric murmurs. Post\u2010testing occurred immediately following training and after 2 months. Twenty\u2010two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian medical students were retested 1 year later with a brief mastery\u2010style reinforcement programme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median pre\u2010 and post\u2010test scores improved in about 1\u2009h from 75\u201395% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian students and 85\u201395% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian students. Two\u2010month post\u2010test scores declined for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian students to 85% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), and for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian students to 85% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian controls had no significant change during the study period, whereas <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian controls improved slightly. The group receiving reinforcement after 1 year had a median final score of 90%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This auditory training programme rapidly teaches students to distinguish innocent and pathological murmurs with at least 90% accuracy. The skill declines within 2 months but can be restored with brief mastery reinforcement 1 year later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T07:09:02Z","timestamp":1422947342000},"page":"815-819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["International trial of online auditory training programme for distinguishing innocent and pathological murmurs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"John P","family":"Finley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Heart Centre Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre  Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Dalhousie University  Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Caissie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Communication 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