{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T10:15:04Z","timestamp":1792404904202,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]],"date-time":"2018-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tourette syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder. The genetic basis is complex, and both <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex utero<\/jats:italic> environmental factors may modify the phenotypic expression of the disorder. Inflammation related to aberrations in immune activation appears to play a pathogenic role in some cases. Multiple neurochemical pathways are involved. Rather than being a pure movement problem, tics are now understood to also have a sensory component. This has resulted in new psychological therapeutic strategies and other potential treatments. Furthermore, comorbidities are common, particularly attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, and often cause more difficulties than the tics. The approach to treatment is dependent on the degree and types of impairment. For many patients, education, acceptance and understanding are all that is needed. In more severe cases, psychological and\/or pharmacological interventions may be indicated. In this article, the clinical features and pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome are reviewed, and a pragmatic management approach is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T04:58:01Z","timestamp":1538974681000},"page":"1148-1153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Tics and Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Daryl","family":"Efron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell C","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Children's Hospital at Westmead  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome","author":"Shapiro 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