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Growing evidence supports an association between transfusion exposure and adverse neonatal outcomes. In adults, transfusion\u2010associated sepsis, transfusion\u2010related acute lung injury and haemolytic reactions are the leading causes of transfusion\u2010related morbidity and mortality; however, these are seldom recognised in newborns. The association between transfusion and adverse outcomes remains inconclusive. However, the evidence from preclinical studies demonstrates that RBC products can directly modulate immune cell function, a pathway termed transfusion\u2010related immunomodulation (TRIM), which may provide a mechanism linking transfusion exposure with neonatal morbidities. Finally, we discuss the impact of TRIM on transfusion medicine, how we may address these issues and the emerging areas of research aimed at improving the safety of transfusions in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,9]],"date-time":"2019-02-09T02:38:58Z","timestamp":1549679938000},"page":"387-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The contribution of red blood cell transfusion to neonatal morbidity and mortality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4547-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara M","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad C","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolette A","family":"Hodyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"CD000512","article-title":"Low versus high haemoglobin concentration threshold for blood transfusion for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants","author":"Whyte R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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