{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:30:49Z","timestamp":1771673449209,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Griffith University Industry Collaboration Scheme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the feasibility of an efficacy trial comparing different flushing frequencies and volumes to reduce peripheral intravenous cannula (PIVC) failure in paediatric inpatients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pilot, 2 \u00d7 2 factorial, randomised controlled trial comparing PIVC flushing techniques in intervention pairs: (i) low volume (3 mL) versus high volume (10 mL); and (ii) low frequency (24 hourly) versus high frequency (6 hourly). Patients were excluded if: fluids were restricted, weight\u2009&lt;\u20095 kg, PIVC already <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> for &gt;24\u2009h or continuous infusion. The primary end\u2010point was feasibility (eligibility, recruitment, retention, protocol adherence, missing data and sample size estimates) of a large trial. Secondary end\u2010points were PIVC failure (composite and individual), bloodstream infection and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 919 children were screened from April to November 2015, with 55 enrolled. Screening feasibility criteria were not met, mainly due to continuous infusions and PIVCs <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> &gt;24\u2009h or planned for imminent removal. However, 80% of eligible participants consented, 2% withdrew, protocol adherence was 100%, and there was no missing primary end\u2010point data. PIVC failure was significantly higher (hazard ratio\u2009= 2.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.11\u20137.54) in the 3 mL compared to the 10 mL group. There was no difference in failure between frequency groups (hazard ratio\u2009= 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.36\u20132.33). There was no interaction effect (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.22).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trial feasibility proved challenging due to eligibility criteria, which could be improved with additional recruiting staff. Firm conclusions cannot be made based on this small sample, but flush volume may impact PIVC failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T10:14:34Z","timestamp":1556619274000},"page":"22-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Flushing of peripheral intravenous catheters: A pilot, factorial, randomised controlled trial of high versus low frequency and volume in paediatrics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tricia M","family":"Kleidon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthetics Queensland Children's Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Menzies Heath Institute Queensland Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Keogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Menzies Heath Institute Queensland Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Menzies Heath Institute Queensland Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Schults","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthetics Queensland Children's Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Menzies Heath Institute Queensland Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabor","family":"Mihala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Menzies Heath Institute Queensland Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire M","family":"Rickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR), Menzies Heath Institute Queensland Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922811435164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12339"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13347"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14384"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61082-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7023.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a339"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"CD007798","article-title":"Clinically\u2010indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters","author":"Webster J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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