{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:03:20Z","timestamp":1791223400769,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Diabetes Wellington","award":["Grant in aid"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant in aid"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>In children and adolescents, there are significant limitations to detecting cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is one method available to detect CAN. Some evidence shows traditional linear HRV measures detect abnormalities in youth with T1D. In this study, we aimed to assess whether non\u2010linear complexity analysis of HRV would assist identification of CAN in youth with T1D and to assess contributory factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 19 youth with T1D and 17 healthy controls. Each had an electrocardiogram recorded continuously for 10 min, at a sampling frequency of 1000\u2009Hz. Using Labview software and an algorithm for complexity analysis, along with standard time\u2010domain and spectral analysis, recordings of the electrocardiogram were analysed to detect differences in HRV between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Youth with T1D had significantly higher sample entropy than controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.015) suggesting increased complexity in HRV, but similar detrended fluctuation analysis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.68). Youth with T1D also had increased % high frequency power (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.017) and reduced mid\u2010frequency power (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.019) on spectral analysis. There were no differences in heart rate or blood pressure responses to standing, or time\u2010domain analysis of HRV. Within the T1D group, sample entropy correlated strongly with triglycerides (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.76, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and detrended fluctuation analysis correlated strongly with serum potassium (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.86, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complexity analysis of HRV, particularly using sample entropy, may aid detection of CAN in youth with T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T10:53:34Z","timestamp":1577530414000},"page":"786-790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early identification of cardiac autonomic neuropathy using complexity analysis in children with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Penny","family":"Kane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Capital and Coast District Health Board  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia University of Otago Wellington  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esko","family":"Wiltshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Capital and Coast District Health Board  Wellington New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Otago Wellington  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0082-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.14.1884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1116-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.118887"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1216"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin\u2010dependent diabetes","volume":"9","author":"O'Brien IA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Q. 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