{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:22:08Z","timestamp":1791084128205,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012256","name":"Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002337","name":"Petre Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with rapid onset functional tic\u2010like behaviours during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single centre, retrospective cohort study of children (&lt;18\u2009years) referred to the tic clinic from January 2018 to July 2021. We calculate the prevalence of newly diagnosed functional tics, and compare the clinical features to chronic tic disorder\/Tourette syndrome (CTD\/TS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 185 new patients were referred to the tic clinic between 2018 and 2021. There was a significant increase in the percentage of functional tics in 2020 and 2021 (2% in 2018, 5.6% in 2019, 10.6% in 2020 and 36% in 2021). Differences between functional tics (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022) and CTD\/TS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0163) include female predominance (100 vs. 28%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), later age of onset (mean age 13.8 vs. 6.8\u2009years, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and higher rates of anxiety\/depression (95 vs. 41%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The functional tic group were more likely to present with coprolalia\u2010like behaviours (77 vs. 10%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), complex phrases (45 vs. 0.6%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), copropraxia (45 vs. 2%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), self\u2010injury (50 vs. 4%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), hospitalisation\/emergency visits (36 vs. 2%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and school absenteeism (56 vs. 7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). A total of 18.2% of patients with functional tics reported preceding exposure to social media content involving tics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is an increase in adolescent females presenting with rapid onset functional tic\u2010like behaviours during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. We highlight differences in clinical features between the functional tic group and CTD\/TS to aid diagnosis and management in the community. Based on our findings, we propose a mixed model of neuropsychiatric vulnerability and social media contagion in this group of adolescents with functional tics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T13:34:37Z","timestamp":1646487277000},"page":"1181-1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Rapid onset functional tic\u2010like behaviours in children and adolescents during <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019: Clinical features, assessment and biopsychosocial treatment approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velda X","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Khoo\u2010Teck Puat National University Children's Medical Institute National University Health System  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasia","family":"Kozlowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia, University of Sydney Medical School  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Brain Dynamics Centre Westmead Institute for Medical Research  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavitha","family":"Kothur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Lorentzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wui Kwan","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1219-4781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shekeeb S","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanche","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia, University of Sydney Medical School  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Chudleigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia, University of Sydney Medical School  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell C","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"University of CalgaryRapid Onset of Explosive Complex Tic\u2010Like Behaviours: Global Tic Phenomenon: Rapid Onset of Explosive Complex Tic\u2010Like Behaviour. 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