{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:31:41Z","timestamp":1784932301571,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The severity of COVID\u201019 is influenced by uncontrolled hyper\u2010inflammatory response with excessive release of many cytokines and chemokines. The understanding of the temporal change in the cytokine levels that underlies the diverse clinical presentations of COVID\u201019 can help in the prediction of the disease outcome and in the design of proper treatment strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected from children (&lt;18\u2009years old) hospitalised with severe COVID\u201019 or severe MIS\u2010C who were compared to a group of healthy control children. Patient demographics, clinical, laboratory data and cytokines profiles were evaluated. Blood samples were collected within 24\u2009h of admission for all enrolled children and on Day 14.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010five children with severe COVID\u201019 and 23 cases with severe MIS\u2010C were included in the study. The biochemical and inflammatory markers tend to be elevated in MIS\u2010C group. There was a significant difference between studied cases and the control group in the following cytokines: G\u2010CSF, IL\u201010, HMGB1, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, IL\u20108 and INF\u2010gamma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). While there was a significant difference between severe COVID\u201019 and MIS\u2010C groups in the following cytokines at Day 1 of admission; IL\u201010, IL\u20106, IL\u20108 and INF\u2010gamma; while at Day 14, there was a significant difference only for G\u2010CSF, IL\u201010 and IL\u20106, all other cytokines were comparable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study underpinned patterns of cytokine response in severe COVID\u201019 and MIS\u2010C. There is a significant upregulation in pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (mainly G\u2010CSF, IL\u201010, HMGB1, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, IL\u20108 and INF\u2010gamma). These biomarkers that could imply on the severity rating and treatment strategies, should be preferentially assessed in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 associated immunological events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:38:24Z","timestamp":1734331104000},"page":"249-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal cytokine profile in severe <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A single centre study from <scp>Egypt<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Sobh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa H","family":"Elnagdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa Mosad","family":"Mosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai S","family":"Korkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulsalam D","family":"Alawfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Taibah University  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer M","family":"Alshengeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Taibah University  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulhadi H","family":"Al\u2010Mazroea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Taibah University  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Bafail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics &amp; 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