{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:28:00Z","timestamp":1778254080890,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the global, regional, and national burden of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), including drug\u2010susceptible (DS\u2010TB) and multidrug\u2010resistant TB (MDR\u2010TB), among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021, and to project trends to 2045.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Age\u2010specific incidence rates (ASIRs) were estimated using DisMod\u2010MR 2.1, and temporal trends were evaluated using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Correlation analyses between ASIR and Sociodemographic Index (SDI) were conducted. A Bayesian age\u2010period\u2010cohort model was used to forecast incidence through 2045.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, global tuberculosis cases in this population declined by 37.4%, while MDR\u2010TB increased by 386.9%. Age\u2010specific incidence rates of tuberculosis and DS\u2010TB declined (EAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22122.00 and \u22122.10), whereas the MDR\u2010TB age\u2010specific incidence rate rose (EAPC\u2009=\u20094.50). The highest ASIRs were observed in sub\u2010Saharan Africa and South Asia. MDR\u2010TB incidence was highest in Eswatini, Namibia, and Lesotho. Incidence increased with age and was consistently higher among males in adolescence. Age\u2010specific incidence rates negatively correlated with SDI across tuberculosis types. Projections indicate a further decline in tuberculosis and DS\u2010TB by 2045, but a continued rise in MDR\u2010TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite progress in reducing DS\u2010TB, the rising burden of MDR\u2010TB among children and adolescents remains a major concern, especially in low\u2010SDI regions. Targeted surveillance, gender\u2010sensitive interventions, and equitable access to diagnostics and treatment are essential to address disparities and reduce the tuberculosis burden in young populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.70227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:50:13Z","timestamp":1761295813000},"page":"23-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Global, Regional, and National Burden and Trends of Tuberculosis Among Children and Adolescents From 1990 to 2021: A Comparative Analysis of Drug\u2010Susceptible and Multidrug\u2010Resistant Tuberculosis With Projections\u00a0to 2045"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5193-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Urology and Immunology, Children\u2019s Medical Center The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"},{"name":"Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Urology and Immunology, Children\u2019s Medical Center The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"},{"name":"Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30289-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70852-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2007.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30190-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0106-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000140"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00504-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","unstructured":"World Population Prospects 2025 https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30677-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03917-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.06043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30625-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32281-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9574-5_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290873"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","volume-title":"WHO Operational Handbook on Tuberculosis. 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