{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:41:28Z","timestamp":1792212088259,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Paediatrics Child Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abdominal tics are a less commonly described axial or tonic tic phenotype in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Their abdominal location and symptom language may create diagnostic uncertainty with gastrointestinal, epileptic, myoclonic, respiratory or functional presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This clinically focused narrative synthesis identified relevant literature through targeted searches of PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science from database inception through March 2026, supplemented by a targeted PubMed\/MEDLINE and citation\u2010chasing update during revision through August 2026 focused on focal abdominal motor seizures, CASPR2\u2010associated movement phenomena, peripheral nerve hyperexcitability and related mimics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abdominal tics are supported by the same core tic features that apply across body regions: premonitory urge, partial suppressibility, stereotyped recurrence, waxing\u2010and\u2010waning course, sleep attenuation and prior or concurrent tics when present. Key neurological mimics include belly dancer's dyskinesia, propriospinal myoclonus, focal abdominal motor seizures, CASPR2\u2010associated abdominal movement disorders and functional tic\u2010like behaviours. Preserved awareness does not exclude a focal motor seizure. Gastrointestinal mimics include disorders of gut\u2013brain interaction and inflammatory bowel disease. A pattern\u2010directed clinical triage algorithm is proposed alongside management principles derived from established paediatric tic\u2010disorder evidence, including behavioural intervention as first\u2010line treatment and comorbidity\u2010guided pharmacotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A phenomenology\u2010first, red\u2010flag\u2010guided approach can improve diagnostic clarity and help clinicians avoid both reflexive investigation and premature attribution of organic disease to tics. This review provides a practical clinical triage framework for determining when an abdominal movement behaves like a tic, when targeted neurological or gastrointestinal investigation is indicated and when management can follow established tic\u2010disorder principles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.70627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1792209338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Abdominal Tics in Children and Adolescents: A Phenomenology\u2010First Diagnostic Framework and Differential Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9938-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Akaltun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Gaziantep City Hospital  Gaziantep T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayfun","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Sel\u00e7uk University Faculty of Medicine  Konya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0951-8258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celil","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Alanya Education and Research Hospital  Antalya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5100-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enes","family":"Turan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology Alanya Education and Research Hospital  Antalya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ersin","family":"Sayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology Anadolu Health Center  Kocaeli T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112479","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children","volume":"10","author":"Ueda K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00303-9","article-title":"Tourette Syndrome: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Johnson K. 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