{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:13:30Z","timestamp":1793240010853,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Public Health Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>High levels of dental care\u2010related fear\/anxiety, as well as phobia, result in delay or avoidance of dental care, which are associated with poorer oral and overall health. Both pharmacotherapeutic and psychosocial methods are available to treat those with high levels of dental fear\/anxiety or phobia, but they are infrequently used and not easily accessed. Smartphones are a potential vehicle for delivering exposure therapy (e.g., a treatment involving systematic encounter with fear\u2010evoking stimuli), but there is a need to test the acceptability of this approach in regard to treatment of high levels of dental anxiety\/fear and phobia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 36 patients with high dental anxiety\/fear\/phobia randomly assigned to either a treatment or a waitlist condition. Participants completed a pre\u2010 and two\u2010week post\u2010multimodal assessment, including a dental behavioral avoidance task. The treatment condition included 2\u2009weeks of self\u2010directed exposure delivered via a personal smartphone in the patients' natural environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in the treatment condition utilized the smartphone exposure an average of 1.6 times daily (SD = 0.85), and found the self\u2010directed exposure highly acceptable. Moreover, they had lower self\u2010reported anxiety and decreased cardiac reactivity at the postassessment compared with the preassessment; no change in anxiety was found for the control condition from pre\u2010 to postassessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Highly anxious, fearful, and dental phobic participants utilized smartphone\u2010delivered exposure therapy, and found it to be an acceptable treatment method. Results support the utility and promise for further testing of the personal smartphone in delivering self\u2010directed exposure therapy for high dental fear\/anxiety and phobia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T01:09:33Z","timestamp":1570151373000},"page":"23-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Smartphone\u2010based exposure treatment for dental phobia: a pilot randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Arias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0766-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel W.","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Dental Practice &amp; Rural Health West Virginia University School of Dentistry  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Behavioral dentistry","author":"McNeil DW","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1983.0285"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology","author":"McNeil DW","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2017.361"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800777"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Enhancing sedation treatment for the long term: pre\u2010treatment behavioural exposure","volume":"23","author":"Milgrom PJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"SAAD Dig"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118499825","volume-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for dental phobia and anxiety","author":"\u00d6st L\u2010G","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118499825.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Behavioral dentistry","author":"Botto RW","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Interviewing and change strategies for helpers","author":"McNeil DW","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(86)80078-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(93)90039-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20536"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: a review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"192","author":"Griffiths KM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1194"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2011.00232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"275","volume-title":"LTE, LTE\u2010advanced and wimax: towards IMT\u2010advanced networks","author":"Hassanein HS","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 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