{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:30:21Z","timestamp":1791232221765,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Public Health Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effect of water filter pitchers on the concentration of different minerals in tap water.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine water filter pitchers (A\u2013I) were chosen based on consumer preferences and Amazon reviews. Each filter was tested for its ability to modify the concentrations of fluoride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in tap water. Tap water samples were collected before and after filtration, at various intervals (1, 5, 10, 30, 50, 75, and 100\u2009L) during filtration, and analyzed using an ion\u2010specific electrode (fluoride) and atomic absorption spectrometry (other minerals). Statistical analyses were conducted to compare filtered and unfiltered water mineral concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Water filter pitcher effect: Filters F (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and G (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.030) decreased fluoride concentrations. All filters except I (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.235) and H (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.717) decreased calcium concentrations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Filters E (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018), D (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014), and G (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010) decreased magnesium concentrations. Filters I (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028) and D (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) increased potassium concentrations. Filter A (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) increased sodium concentrations, while C (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034) decreased sodium concentrations. Effect of filter aging: All filters affected mineral concentrations over time but to varying extents. Filter G had the most pronounced effect on reducing mineral concentrations compared to all others. No filter was able to completely remove fluoride from tap water, contrary to the claims made by three manufacturers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study highlighted that water filter pitchers vary greatly in their ability to affect mineral concentrations in tap water during their use. Further research is needed to develop more effective water treatment solutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T01:24:59Z","timestamp":1730942699000},"page":"21-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effect of water filter pitchers on the mineral concentration of tap water"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4702-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loai Wadea","family":"Hazzazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences Indiana University School of Dentistry  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7893-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando E.","family":"Soto\u2010Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health and Dental Informatics Indiana University School of Dentistry  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5389-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Angeles","family":"Martinez\u2010Mier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences Indiana University School of Dentistry  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani M.","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George J.","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1944-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Lippert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences Indiana University School of Dentistry  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1017","volume-title":"Textbook of community dentistry. 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[Internet].https:\/\/www.brita.com\/better-water\/how-do-brita-filters-work\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"American Dental Association.PUR Pitcher\/Dispenser ADA Seal of Acceptance [Internet].https:\/\/www.ada.org\/en\/resources\/research\/science\u2010and\u2010research\u2010institute\/ada\u2010seal\u2010of\u2010acceptance\/product\u2010search\/a065e000007A361AAC\/pur\u2010pitcher\u2010dispenser"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4809159"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Fluoride: surprising factors in bottled water","volume":"63","author":"Lindemeyer R","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pa Dent J Harrisb"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"362","article-title":"Fluoride concentrations in bottled and filtered waters","volume":"42","author":"Tate W","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81083-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"The effect of point\u2010of\u2010use water conditioning systems on community fluoridated water","volume":"13","author":"Brown MD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0352"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.56331"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700407"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Salivary sodium and potassium in relation to dental caries in a group of multiracial school children","volume":"3","author":"Benghasheer HF","year":"2013","journal-title":"E\u2010J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Evaluation of fluoride and calcium concentrations in drinking water from public water fountains on a university campus","volume":"70","author":"Tamayo\u2010Cabeza G","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321657"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Natural mineral bottled waters available on the polish market as a source of minerals for the consumers. 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