{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:24:20Z","timestamp":1784215460288,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Public Health Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To describe and compare regulatory processes for quality control of community water fluoridation (CWF) in three selected countries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Documentary analysis of printed and online resources; correspondence with key informants from Brazil, the United States of America (USA), and England; countries with tradition in water fluoridation implementation for dental caries prevention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The target and maximum allowable concentration of fluoride in drinking water was 0.7\/4.0\u2009mg\/L in the USA; 0.7\/1.5\u2009mg\/L in Brazil, and 1.0\/1.5\u2009mg\/L in England. Concentration monitoring by the water companies varied; collection of samples at several points of the distribution network was required in England and the USA, while Brazil demanded only one point at the end of the water treatment. England and the USA relied on data generated by companies responsible for water treatment, while Brazil adopted an independent surveillance system that used data collected in the distribution network by the local health authority. A common point between the USA and Brazil was the construction of a nationwide information system under principles of health surveillance that could be disseminated for stakeholders. In England, annual quality reports for each water supply zone were accessible but not routinely collated and published.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Institutional arrangements, regulatory mechanisms, and control, surveillance, and information disclosure procedures varied substantially among countries. There is potential for exchanging procedural and outcome information in order to improve the performance of fluoridation services.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.70048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T10:45:28Z","timestamp":1771584328000},"page":"181-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Water Fluoridation: Institutional Arrangements and Regulatory Mechanisms in Three Selected Countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Politics, Management and Health Public Health School, University of Sao Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamaria Brasilino Snellaert","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Public Health Public Health School, University of Sao Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Pollick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Global Oral Health Status Report: Towards Universal Health Coverage for Oral Health by 2030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Fluoride and Oral Health","volume":"33","author":"O'Mullane D. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Dental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Drinking\u2010Water Quality. Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"United States of America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u201cWater Fluoridation Data and Statistics \u201d2022https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fluoridation\/php\/statistics\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fluoridation\/statistics\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Water Fluoridation. Health Monitoring Report for England","author":"United Kingdom. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2017.109.0095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2022056003709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446261422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Branches of the U.S. Government","author":"United States of America. Government","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34246\/ahbvuhfd.1398216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Brazil \u201cConstitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil \u201d1988Bras\u00edlia.https:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/Constituicao\/Constituicao.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Understanding the Safe Drinking Water Act","author":"United States of America. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"Drinking Water","author":"United States of America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Fluoridation Products and Fluoride","author":"United States of America. National Standards Institute","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"National Prevention Strategy","author":"United States of America. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Water Information Center\u2014Drinking Water Basics","author":"United States of America. National Academy of Sciences","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Water Sector Overview","author":"United Kingdon. Office of Water Services","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Health and Care Act 2022","author":"United Kingdom. Parliament","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Fluoridation of Drinking Water","author":"United Kingdom. Drinking Water Inspectorate","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Ordinance 888, of May 4, 2021. Establishes Procedures for Controlling and Monitoring the Quality of Water for Human Consumption and Its Potability Standards","author":"Brazil. Ministry of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Law 14,026, of Jul 15, 2020. Updates the Legal Framework for Basic Sanitation","author":"Brazil. National Congress","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"Community Water Fluoridation in the United States","author":"American Public Health Association","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"Memorandum of Understanding Between the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration 225\u201378\u20104006","author":"United States of America. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"Water Act 2003","author":"United Kingdon. Parliament","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume-title":"Health and Social Care Act 2012","author":"United Kingdom. Parliament","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"Public Health Service Recommendation for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water for Prevention of Dental Caries","author":"United States of America. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"Engineering and Administrative Recommendations for Water Fluoridation","author":"United States of America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"2012 Edition Recommended Standards for Water Works","author":"United States of America. Minnesota State. Water Supply Committee of Great Lakes\u2014Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"Water (Fluoridation) Act 1985","author":"United Kingdom. Parliament","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","volume-title":"The Water Fluoridation (Proposals and Consultation) Regulations 2013 (England)","author":"United Kingdom. Parliament","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Code of Practice on Technical Aspects of Fluoridation of Water Supplies 2021","author":"United Kingdom. Drinking Water Inspectorate","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Law 6,050, of May 24, 1974. Establishes Water Fluoridation in Public Supply Systems Where Exists Water Treatment Plant","author":"Brazil. National Congress","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","volume-title":"Decree 76,872, of Dec 22, 1975. Regulates Law No. 6,050 of May 24, 1974, Which Provides for Water Fluoridation in Public Systems and Supply","author":"Brazil. Presidency of the Republic","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","volume-title":"Annex XXI of Consolidation Ordinance 5, of Sep 28, 2017. Consolidates Standards on the Actions and Health Services of the Unified Health System","author":"Brazil. Ministry of Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume-title":"Water Act 2003","author":"United Kingdom. Parliament","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","volume-title":"The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2018","author":"United Kingdom. Parliament","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Ordinance 2,472, of Sep 28, 2021. Amends Annex XX of Consolidation Ordinance 5, of Sep 28, 2017, to Provide on Procedures for Controlling and Monitoring the Quality of Water for Human Consumption and Its Potability Standard","author":"Brazil. Ministry of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","volume-title":"National Guidelines for the Sampling Plan for Environmental Health Surveillance Related to the Quality of Water for Human Consumption","author":"Brazil. Ministry of Health","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","volume-title":"My Water's Fluoride Web Application","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"Bristol Water Company \u201cData Summary Tables for Bristol Water (BRL) \u201d2019http:\/\/dwi\u2010content.s3.eu\u2010west\u20102.amazonaws.com\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/03133057\/BRL\u20101.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","volume-title":"Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System","author":"Brazil. Ministry of Health","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Brazilian Open Data Portal and National Data Catalog","author":"Brazil. Federal Government","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","unstructured":"United Kingdom. Drinking Water Inspectorate \u201cTypical Fluoride Levels in Zones During 2022 \u201d2022London UK.https:\/\/dwi\u2010production\u2010files.s3.eu\u2010west\u20102.amazonaws.com\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/11170837\/Fluoride\u2010Map22.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","volume-title":"The Regulation of Water Supply and Wastewater Sanitation Services: An International Perspective","author":"Marques R. C.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2022.101429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054001804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01102-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","volume-title":"Consultation Outcome\u2014Water Fluoridation: Seeking Views on Future Consultation Process","author":"United Kingdom. Department of Health and Social Care","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2316-9044.v18i3p104-124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"International Overview of Regulation Frameworks for the Urban Water Cycle in the United Kingdom, Chile and Spain","author":"Lluma F. S.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"Technical Consensus on Classification of Public Water Supply According to Fluoride Concentration","author":"CECOL\/USP. Collaborating Center of the Ministry of Health in Oral Health Surveillance","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7222a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232000000200011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2008000900008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","first-page":"274","article-title":"The Surveillance Framework of Water and the Reporting of Fluoride Concentration Indicators","volume":"42","author":"Fraz\u00e3o P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sa\u00fade Em Debate"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","volume-title":"Developing Drinking\u2010Water Quality Regulations and Standards: General Guidance With a Special Focus on Countries With Limited Resources","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System (SISAGUA): Evaluation of Data Completeness on Water Supply Coverage, Brazil, 2014\u20132020","volume":"31","author":"Mata R. N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiologia e Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jphd.70048","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jphd.70048","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jphd.70048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:56:53Z","timestamp":1780732613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jphd.70048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jphd.70048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jphd.70048","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4006","1752-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4006","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}